{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:27:24Z","timestamp":1788276444104,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008770","name":"Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BGT\u20102023\u20102308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGT\u20102023\u20102308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tartrazine is a synthetic azo dye widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products, resulting in extensive human exposure, while its toxicity and that of its primary metabolite, sulfanilic acid, remain controversial. Considering the reported association of tartrazine with hypersensitivity and allergic\u2010like reactions, human bronchial epithelial BEAS\u20102B cells, which are relevant for airway and allergy\u2010related responses, were selected as the in\u00a0vitro model. This study investigated the effects of tartrazine and sulfanilic acid on cell viability, apoptosis\u2010related responses, and DNA damage. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT and neutral red uptake assays. Apoptotic responses were assessed by annexin V\/propidium iodide staining, mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, and caspase\u20103\/7 activity measurement. DNA damage was examined using the alkaline comet assay. Tartrazine reduced cell viability in a concentration\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner in the MTT assay, whereas sulfanilic acid showed minimal cytotoxic effects. Both compounds increased apoptotic cell populations at selected concentrations. Tartrazine induced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, while caspase\u20103\/7 activity decreased at higher concentrations of both compounds. No significant DNA strand breaks were detected under the experimental conditions applied. These findings suggest that tartrazine and sulfanilic acid predominantly affect cell viability and apoptosis\u2010related processes in airway epithelial cells without detectable DNA strand breaks at the tested concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:38:43Z","timestamp":1773819523000},"page":"3446-3454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cellular Responses to Tartrazine and Sulfanilic Acid Exposure in BEAS\u20102B Cells: Viability, Apoptosis, and DNA Damage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8099-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Baysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah\u00a0Burak","family":"Karaduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra\u00a0Korkut","family":"\u00c7elikate\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0836-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Atl\u0131\u2010Eklio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinem","family":"Ilg\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2017.1296051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15835\/buasvmcn\u2010fst:2024.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010020\u201000630\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300\u20109084(02)01374\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010022\u201000754\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.951"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003\u2010012\u20100782\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014\u20105793(99)01702\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.11.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064\u2010022\u201003723\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TX00034D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.2.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31383\/ga.vol1iss1pp37\u201043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"A 90\u2010Day Oral Toxicity Study of Tartrazine, a Synthetic Food Dye, in Wistar Rats","volume":"3","author":"Himri I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Toxicity Testing of Tartrazine Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Brine Shrimp Larvae (Artemia salina), and KGN Granulosa Cell Line","volume":"3","author":"Himri I.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2025.2548792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201023894\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495\u2010024\u201000389\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"Madame Curie Bioscience Database","author":"K\u00f6gel D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2AY26121A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519\u201069842007000100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541\u20104337.13072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383\u20105718(02)00128\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Effects on DNA Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to the Food Dye Tartrazine Yellow","volume":"35","author":"Soares B. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026623666230117122433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098\u20102280(2000)35:3<206::aid\u2010em8>3.0.co;2\u2010j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S000629792010003X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050913"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70174","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jat.70174","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:08:49Z","timestamp":1788275329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.70174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.70174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.70174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}