{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:55:12Z","timestamp":1790848512639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Branched\u2010chain amino acids (BCAAs) are recognized for their roles in protein synthesis, mitigation of oxidative stress, and maintenance of cellular health in models of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity, which is associated with industrial chlorofluorocarbon emissions. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, CCl4, CCl4 plus 10\u2009g BCAAs, and CCl4 plus 20\u2010g BCAAs. Each rat received 1\u2009mL\/kg of CCl4. After 10\u2009weeks, kidney function biomarkers, including glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were assessed in kidney homogenates. Histomorphological changes in the kidneys and spleens were also evaluated. CCl4 exposure resulted in significant alterations in kidney markers, indicating nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by elevated creatinine and urea levels in the CCl4\u2010treated group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Coadministration of BCAAs with CCl4 increased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and produced a dose\u2010dependent decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the CCl4 group. These biochemical outcomes were consistent with histological observations in both kidneys and spleens. Tissue damage was more pronounced in CCl4\u2010exposed rats than in those receiving both CCl4 and BCAAs. The incidence of fibrosis was higher in the CCl4\u2010only group, accompanied by a notable reduction in intracellular protein granules. Collectively, these results indicate that BCAAs exert dose\u2010dependent reparative and antioxidant effects on kidney and spleen pathology. BCAAs significantly restored parameters altered by CCl4, ameliorating renal and splenic disorders. The results of the current study suggest that oral administration of BCAAs is recommended to reduce kidney fibrosis and improve spleen injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:47:01Z","timestamp":1773906421000},"page":"4011-4024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Branched\u2010Chain Amino Acids Alleviate Carbon Tetrachloride\u2013Induced Kidney Fibrosis and Splenic Hemorrhage in Rat Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Al\u2010Amgad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Authority for Veterinary Services  Qena Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed\u00a0S.\u00a0I.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian and Fish Resources Research Center King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Al\u2010Amgad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Internal Medicine and Rheumatism, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al Ainy Cairo University Hospitals  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas\u00a0A.","family":"Noseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aswan University  Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany\u00a0Ahmed\u00a0Abd","family":"El\u2010Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Home Economic Department, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Specific Education South Valley University  Qena Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba\u00a0A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Post\u2010Graduation South Valley University  Qena Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer\u00a0Madkour","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine South Valley University  Qena Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam\u00a0M.","family":"Jad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Zoology, Faculty of Science Luxor University  Luxor Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma\u00a0A.","family":"Madkour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine South Valley University  Qena Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v15i1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201012252\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2001.16.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120911227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102121\u201014\u201032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.299S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009\u20108981(90)90154\u2010K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010016\u20100155\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196411"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"1701","article-title":"Protection of the Mushroom (Shiitake'' Lentinus\u2010Edodes) Against Carbon\u2010Tetrachloride\u2010Induced Renal Injury in Rats","volume":"10","author":"El\u2010Kholy T. 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