{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:38:47Z","timestamp":1776836327627,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    n\u2010Butanol is extensively used in industrial, food, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical sectors, raising concerns about environmental and developmental exposure. However, evidence regarding its developmental toxicity remains limited. This study investigated the teratogenic and toxicological effects of n\u2010butanol using a chick embryo (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Gallus gallus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      domesticus\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) model, with emphasis on dose\u2010dependent morphological alterations, feeding, and locomotory behavioral outcomes, oxidative stress responses, and histopathological damage. Fifty fertilized eggs were randomly assigned to five groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910 per group): a control group (received an equivalent sterile saline) and four treatment groups receiving n\u2010butanol at doses of 10, 12, 14, and 20\u2009\u03bcL per egg, via in ovo injection. Embryonic development was evaluated through morphometric measurements, including body length, limb length, head and beak dimensions, crown\u2010rump length, and body weight. Oxidative stress was assessed in cardiac and hepatic tissues by determining DPPH radical scavenging activity and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), complemented by histopathological examination. Exposure to n\u2010butanol resulted in a significant, dose\u2010dependent reduction in most morphometric parameters (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), whereas head circumference remained unaffected. Antioxidant enzyme activities were markedly altered, indicating enhanced oxidative stress at higher exposure levels. Histopathological analysis revealed pronounced structural damage in liver and heart tissues, accompanied by behavioral abnormalities and limb deformities at elevated doses. Overall, these findings demonstrate that n\u2010butanol induces developmental toxicity in chick embryos in a dose\u2010dependent manner, likely mediated through oxidative stress and tissue injury. The chick embryo model proved to be a sensitive and effective system for evaluating developmental and environmental toxicants, highlighting potential risks associated with n\u2010butanol exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:40:21Z","timestamp":1776832821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Toxicity of n\u2010Butanol in Chick Embryos: Dose\u2010Dependent Effects on Morphology, Behavior, Oxidative Stress, Tissue Integrity, and Post\u2010Hatching Feeding and Locomotor Behavior Disruption Induced by n\u2010Butanol"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Hina","family":"Shabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mattital Campus the Women's University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2255-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazia","family":"Perveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mattital Campus the Women's University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1967-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Intercropping the Islamia University of Bahawalpur  Bahawlpur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus COMSATS University Islamabad  Sahiwal Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed\u00a0O.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Science King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5520-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Hassanien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Science King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdallah\u00a0T.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Science King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Resources Research Center King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"744","article-title":"Teratological Effects of Indoxacarb on Chick Embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus)","volume":"54","author":"Abbas S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"882","article-title":"91. 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