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This review synthesizes current evidence to elucidate their nephrotoxic mechanisms. PS\u2010MPs induce renal injury primarily by triggering oxidative stress, activating inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF\u2010\u03baB\/NLRP3), and disrupting programmed cell death processes including autophagy and ferroptosis. Protein\u2013protein interaction analysis identifies key hub genes like TP53 and TNF within this toxic network. Importantly, toxicity is modulated by particle properties, environmental aging, and coexposures. We conclude by highlighting critical research gaps, particularly the need to define risks from long\u2010term, low\u2010dose exposure and to develop effective mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:52:08Z","timestamp":1777863128000},"page":"3321-3330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Nephrotoxicity via Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6445-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisong","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical Research Institute Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. 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