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To minimize cross\u2010contamination and better simulate fluctuating pollutant exposure dynamics in natural aquatic ecosystems, an intermittent exposure regime was employed in this study. This study investigated the effects of PCB\u2010153 (2,2\u2032,4,4\u2032,5,5\u2032\u2010hexachlorobiphenyl) on growth, ingestion, and the antioxidant\u2010detoxification system in\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    via dietary (4:20 stress:non\u2010stress, 4\u2009days) and waterborne (22:2 stress:non\u2010stress, 6\u2009days) pathways. Both exposure routes concentration\u2010dependently suppressed\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth and grazing rate, accompanied by impaired reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and aggravated lipid peroxidation. The 96\u2010h LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of PCB\u2010153 was 45.71\u2009\u03bcg\/L. Notably, glutathione S\u2010transferase (GST) activity showed the opposite trend: being enhanced under waterborne exposure but inhibited under dietary exposure. With respect to other antioxidant and detoxification pathways, dietary exposure resulted in a typical activation\u2010then\u2010inhibition pattern of the glutathione cycle. Under waterborne exposure, hydrogen peroxide scavenging was impaired, and the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) detoxification system exhibited a biphasic induction\u2010inhibition response. Overall, PCB\u2010153 exerted adverse effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival, ingestion, and antioxidant\u2010detoxification homeostasis through both pathways. Under the experimental conditions of this study,\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed via the waterborne route tended to show more pronounced responses in survival, growth, and ingestion than those exposed via the dietary route, based on preliminary observations. Meanwhile, GST activity showed opposite patterns between the two exposure groups. These findings clarify the ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms of PCBs on\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a keystone species in aquatic food webs, and highlight their ecological risks under realistic exposure scenarios.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T23:45:13Z","timestamp":1778283913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxic Effects of Dietary and Waterborne PCB\u2010153 on Survival, Growth, Grazing, and Physiological Responses in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Artemia salina<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Using an Intermittent Exposure Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua\u2010Ecology &amp; Aquaculture, Fisheries College Tianjin Agricultural University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua\u2010Ecology &amp; Aquaculture, Fisheries College Tianjin Agricultural University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9304-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuying","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua\u2010Ecology &amp; Aquaculture, Fisheries College Tianjin Agricultural University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Breeding (Co\u2010Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Tianjin Agricultural University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua\u2010Ecology &amp; Aquaculture, Fisheries College Tianjin Agricultural University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Pharmaron (Ningbo)Technology Development Co. 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