{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:10:07Z","timestamp":1778746207298,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF\u20102026\u2010189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF\u20102026\u2010189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Micro\u2010plastics (MPs) have become a constant source of pollution in freshwater bodies and increasingly becoming a threat to aquatic life. Chronic exposure to MPs has been linked to the inhibition of growth, deformations in digestive physiology, oxidative stress, and cellular injury. Current study was conducted on fish (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ctenopharyngodon idella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) acclimatizing and exposing them to a 90\u2010day dietary exposure to MPs. The growth performance indicators, that is, digestive enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA damages were measured in the pre\u2013 and post\u2013dietary exposure to the MPs. There was a progressive decrease in the growth performance indicators such as highest increase in weight as found in 30% PVC group (6.95\u2009\u00b1\u20092.69\u2009g) and the 30% PS group (2.91\u2009\u00b1\u20093.28\u2009g) was far less as compared to the corresponding controls (18.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.86\u2009and 16.07\u2009\u00b1\u20095.32\u2009g, respectively). The levels of catalase activity in the control fish kidney, skin, heart, brain, and gill tissues were significantly higher than in the exposed groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereby superoxide dismutase activity were increased, an indication to the increased oxidative stress. Digestive enzyme reactions were tissue\u2010specific, where lipase was the most sensitive, mainly in the stomach and liver, at the increased dosage. The frequency of micronuclei also increased in the erythrocytes of exposed fish, which proves that polymers caused concentration\u2010dependent genotoxic damage. Hence, PVC and PS MPs had negative effects on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. idella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    whereby growth was affected, antioxidant status was disturbed, genotoxicity was augmented, digestive enzyme biomarkers were affected, and micro\u2010nucleus frequency was increased. Further research is required on chronic exposure, histopathological changes, and the mechanisms of MPs toxicity at the molecular level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:19:46Z","timestamp":1778743186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Polyvinyl Chloride and Polystyrene Micro\u2010Plastics on Growth, Digestive Enzymes, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Noureen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariha","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Perveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Council of Science and Industrial Research (PCSIR)  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0964-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amna","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Council of Science and Industrial Research (PCSIR)  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wajid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Health, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Hongshan Lab Wuhan Textile University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenaidullah","family":"Batur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bourhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi\u2013Cadi Ayyad University  Safi Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa A.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Islamic University of Madinah  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gehan M.","family":"Elossaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine AlMaarefa University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid S.","family":"Almaary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13050336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.110042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.103036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8080414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2022. \u201cRecord Fisheries and Aquaculture Production Contributes to Food Security.\u201d Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.https:\/\/www.fao.org\/newsroom\/detail\/record\u2010fisheries\u2010aquaculture\u2010production\u2010contributes\u2010food\u2010security\u2010290622\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201013184\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116539"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819166-8.00170-5","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Inland Waters","author":"Jeanson A. 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