{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:27:34Z","timestamp":1788276454701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent, has been linked to chronic health issues, including thyroid dysfunction. This study investigates the impact of SM exposure on thyroid function indices in men and women veterans, exploring sex\u2010based differences and correlations with injury severity. A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted involving 412 SM\u2010exposed veterans (315 men, 97 women) and 113 healthy controls (79 men, 34 women). Participants were categorized by injury severity into three subgroups: 5%\u201310%, 15%\u201335%, and &gt;\u200935%. Thyroid function indices (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TG), anti\u2010thyroglobulin antibodies (anti\u2010TG), and anti\u2010thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti\u2010TPO), and T3 uptake) were measured. TSH and T3 uptake levels were significantly higher in SM\u2010exposed women than in controls. In men, TG levels were significantly higher than in women in both SM\u2010exposed and control groups, while anti\u2010TG levels were lower. Additionally, anti\u2010TPO levels were elevated in SM\u2010exposed men compared with control men and SM\u2010exposed women. TG levels increased in men across all injury severities compared with controls, with anti\u2010TG levels decreased in SM\u2010exposed men at all severities. Women showed elevated T3 uptake and TSH levels across all severities compared with controls. Effect size analysis confirmed significant increases of T3 uptake in women and TG levels in men. This study highlights sex\u2010specific differences in thyroid dysfunction among SM\u2010exposed veterans, with women showing signs of hypothyroidism and men exhibiting autoimmune responses. Injury severity further exacerbated these effects, emphasizing the need for gender\u2010specific monitoring and intervention strategies for SM\u2010exposed individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:51:39Z","timestamp":1779346299000},"page":"3651-3659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex\u2010Specific Thyroid Dysfunction in Sulfur Mustard\u2010Exposed Veterans With Different Injury Severity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Mohammad\u2010Reza","family":"Vaez\u2010Mahdavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Equity Research Center Shahed University  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Shahed University  Tehran 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