{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:52:37Z","timestamp":1781653957707,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in coffee, as well as in various fruits and vegetables, and is known for its antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties. However, recent studies suggest that CGA may exhibit dose\u2010dependent biological effects and prooxidant activity. This study aims to investigate the genotoxic impact of CGA on the reproductive organs of mice. Swiss mice were divided into six groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918). Group 1 received distilled water (control), Group 2 received 15\u2010mg\/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) injections (ip). Groups 3\u20136 were orally administered CGA at 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30\u2009mg\/kg, respectively, for 35\u2009days. On Day 36, blood was collected from nine animals per group for reproductive hormone analysis. The epididymis and testes were excised for a spermiogram, DNA fragmentation analysis, antioxidant analysis, and histopathology. The remaining nine animals were observed for another 35\u2009days posttreatment to evaluate recovery, after which they were sacrificed, and tissues were processed for the same analyses. The result showed that lower doses of CGA elicited more pronounced adverse effects, including increased sperm abnormalities, oxidative imbalance, and DNA fragmentation, particularly after withdrawal. In contrast, the highest dose (30\u2009mg\/kg) showed the least alteration with improvements across most parameters and partial recovery postwithdrawal. These findings indicate that the effects of CGA on male reproductive function vary with dose and exposure duration, with lower doses associated with greater adverse outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:59:11Z","timestamp":1781650751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose\u2010 and Time\u2010Dependent Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Male Reproductive Function in Swiss Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Oluwatoyin A.","family":"Adeyemo\u2010Salami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7881-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther I.","family":"Oluyege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971\u20106580.97224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2021.530203.3179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2641\u20104538.jphi\u201021\u20103993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of Spirulina platensis on Cyclophosphamide\u2010Induced Testicular Injury in Rats","volume":"9","author":"Afkhami\u2010Ardakani M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.1.1.6843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.089810"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11092771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2004.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved Method for the Determination of Blood Glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler E.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-461207-5.50009-2","article-title":"Application of Testicular Sperm Head Counts in the Assessment of Male Reproductive Toxicity","volume":"3","author":"Blazak W. F.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Male Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165642"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113489052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research","author":"Claiborne A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097\u20100010(20000515)80:7<1033::AID\u2010JSFA595>3.3.CO;2\u2010K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yclnex.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050778"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_184_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10675"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"711","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide\u2010Induced Testicular Toxicity Ameliorated by American Ginseng Treatment: An Experimental Study","volume":"16","author":"Hosseini A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6896","article-title":"5\u2010Caffeoylquinic Acid Decreases Diet\u2010Induced Obesity in Rats by Modulating PPAR\u03b1 and LXR\u03b1 Transcription","volume":"95","author":"Huang K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1333845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20102697(82)90162\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750\u20103841.70267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020301"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Genome Stability: From Virus to Human Application","author":"Kovalchuk I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958\u2010025\u201001413\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein Measurement With the Folin Phenol Reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry O. H.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The Role of Superoxide Anion in the Autooxidation of Epinephrine and a Simple Assay for Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra H. P.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP\u201014\u20100240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010pathmechdis\u2010051122\u2010093128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5758191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082781"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4073.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.806470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1461061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013\u20101004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452\u20103981(23)10876\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17446651.3.5.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci180069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/7.6.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009014552121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.943911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Toxicology (Unit 16.6)","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022\u20100302(70)86184\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076\u20106879(94)33021\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"Woolf E. K.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958\u2010024\u201001273\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202212_31(4).0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345\u2010024\u201005090\u20102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70265","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jat.70265","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1781650755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.70265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.70265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.70265","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jat.70265"}}