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Two common methods, gavage and mixing substances with drinking water or feed, have distinct implications on dosing accuracy, animal welfare, and physiological outcomes. This scoping review aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of gavage and feed mixture methods for oral administration in animal models, evaluating their impacts on dosing precision, stress response, and experimental variability. Relevant studies comparing gavage and mixing exposure routes in mice and rats were identified through a comprehensive search of major scientific databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Data on physiological, behavioral, and methodological outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Gavage was found to provide precise and controlled dosing but was associated with increased stress and may result in damage to the esophagus and stomach, which may contribute to the attrition of laboratory rodents. Conversely, blending with food or water lowers stress and aggressiveness; on the other hand, this method is similar to the animal's contact with pollutants in the environment. Both approaches revealed particular strengths and shortcomings that have an impact on the design and interpretation of the research. Selecting the appropriate oral exposure method depends on the study's objectives, required dosing accuracy, and duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T01:29:42Z","timestamp":1781486982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Gavage Versus Feed Mixture Exposure Methods in Environmental Toxicology Studies: Advantages and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Jonidi Jafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Development Center of Medical and Islamic Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2592-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Norouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2745-x","article-title":"Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should It Be Used in Experimental Animal Studies?","volume":"37","author":"Al Shoyaib A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0512-129","article-title":"The Effects of Repeated Oral Gavage on the Health of Male CD\u20101 Mice","volume":"41","author":"Arantes\u2010Rodrigues R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Animal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"Alternative Method of Oral Dosing for Rats","volume":"49","author":"Atcha Z.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.023","article-title":"Exposure to a Social Stressor Alters the Structure of the Intestinal Microbiota: Implications for Stressor\u2010Induced Immunomodulation","volume":"25","author":"Bailey M. 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