{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:55:57Z","timestamp":1781319357823,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ricin, a highly potent toxin derived from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , poses significant biosecurity concerns due to its potential use as a biological weapon. Although the peripheral toxic effects of ricin have been extensively documented, its impact on the central nervous system, particularly the hippocampus, remains poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the acute neurotoxic effects of systemic ricin exposure on hippocampal structure and function in mice using a multilevel experimental approach. Following dose\u2013response optimization, mice received intraperitoneal injection of ricin (5\u2009\u03bcg\/kg) and were evaluated at Day 4 (acute phase) and Day 14 (recovery phase). Resting\u2010state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant disruption of whole\u2010brain functional connectivity, with the hippocampal network being most prominently affected. Histological analyses using Nissl and HE staining demonstrated selective neuronal damage in the dentate gyrus and CA3 subregions without widespread cell death. Behavioral assessments confirmed acute impairment of hippocampus\u2010dependent spatial working memory and object recognition memory, with partial recovery by Day 14. Mechanistically, c\u2010FOS immunostaining revealed aberrant neuronal hyperactivation predominantly in CA3, whereas GFAP and IBA1 analyses indicated significant astrocyte reactivity and microglial activation in vulnerable hippocampal subregions. Importantly, both functional connectivity and cognitive performance showed substantial spontaneous recovery within 2\u2009weeks, suggesting reversible rather than permanent damage. These findings provide comprehensive evidence that acute ricin exposure induces transient hippocampal dysfunction through region\u2010specific neuronal stress and neuroinflammatory responses, offering new insights into ricin neurotoxicity and potential therapeutic windows for intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T01:55:59Z","timestamp":1781315759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Decline Induced by Ricin\u2010Mediated Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University  Yinchuan Ningxia China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University  Yinchuan Ningxia China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013053","article-title":"Astrocyte Regulation of Synaptic Behavior","volume":"30","author":"Allen N. 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