{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:45:43Z","timestamp":1791963943226,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine\u2010disrupting chemical commonly used in producing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, resulting in widespread human exposure through various sources. BPA mimics estrogen and disrupts the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013testicular (HPT) axis, impairing androgen signaling, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis. It induces oxidative stress by promoting the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis of germ cells. BPA also compromises the antioxidant defense systems by downregulating key enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, contributing to redox imbalance. BPA exposure during critical developmental windows is particularly concerning, as it can cross the placenta and has been detected in amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta, and breast milk. Early\u2010life exposure may have long\u2010term consequences for male reproductive health. Furthermore, BPA\u2010induced epigenetic modifications suggest the potential for transgenerational reproductive effects. Recent studies have demonstrated the ameliorative effects of various antioxidants, including \u03b1\u2010lipoic acid, melatonin, selenium, vitamins, and phytochemicals, in mitigating BPA\u2010induced testicular toxicity. These agents help to restore redox homeostasis, preserve mitochondrial integrity, and attenuate inflammation and apoptosis. This review uniquely integrates endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic alterations to provide a comprehensive mechanistic framework. It also highlights emerging pathways such as lipid peroxidation\u2010mediated damage and evaluates antioxidant interventions based on their molecular targets. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways underlying BPA\u2010induced reproductive toxicity and the mechanistic basis of antioxidant\u2010mediated protection is imperative for developing effective interventions to protect male reproductive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:15:41Z","timestamp":1783062941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["BPA and Male Reproductive Health: Mechanistic Insights, Toxicological Implications, and the Protective Role of Antioxidants"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenu","family":"Maniradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Integrative Biology Central University of Tamil Nadu  Thiruvarur Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522\u2010017\u20109710\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441\u2010003\u20100806\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u20107847.194044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010011\u20100721\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233714563433"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233714563433","article-title":"Influence of \u03b1\u2010Tocopherol and \u03b1\u2010Lipoic Acid on Bisphenol\u2010A\u2010Induced Oxidative Damage in Liver and Ovarian Tissue of Rats","volume":"32","author":"Avci B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology and Industrial Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480540903286468"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2012.753969","article-title":"Prooxidant Actions of Bisphenol A (BPA) Phenoxyl Radicals: Implications to BPA\u2010Related Oxidative Stress and Toxicity","volume":"23","author":"Babu S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22074\/cellj.2018.5256"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/116.8.1442"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300\u2010483x(03)00056\u20108"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48261-0","article-title":"Semen Selenium and Human Fertility","volume":"42","author":"Bleau G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2597"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.06.014","article-title":"A Cascade of Effects of Bisphenol A","volume":"28","author":"Bondesson M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00453"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.240391"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006\u20100787"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.154040"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr096"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00301"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.6857"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120909882"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712446728","article-title":"Lipoic Acid Mitigates Bisphenol A\u2010Induced Testicular Mitochondrial Toxicity in Rats","volume":"29","author":"El\u2010Beshbishy H. 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