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Thus, this study investigates the potential cumulative toxicological effects of PVC\u2010NPs and Ag\u2010NPs on Nile tilapia (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) by assessing multiple biomarkers. Four groups of fish were given 10\u2009mg\/L PVC\u2010NPs, 4\u2009mg\/L Ag\u2010NPs, 10\u2009mg\/L PVC\u2010NPs plus 4\u2009mg\/L Ag\u2010NPs, alongside a control group (no exposure) for 96\u2009h. The data showed that Ag content in the gills, liver, and kidney of Nile tilapia increased in the Ag\u2010NPs and combined exposure groups. The remarkable reduction in all hematological parameters and albumin, with elevation in total protein, globulin, liver enzymes, creatinine, and uric acid levels, was observed in all exposure groups. Furthermore, PVC\u2010NPs and Ag\u2010NPs, single or combined, increase lipid peroxidation and alter antioxidant levels (catalase and glutathione reduced) in all tissues. The deleterious histological effects were pronounced in the gills, liver, and kidney in all exposure groups compared with the control. In conclusion, Ag\u2010NPs exhibit greater toxicity than PVC\u2010NPs, with significant toxic effects on fish resulting from interactions that suggest a synergistic effect, as PVC serves as a transporter of Ag to fish and tissues. The findings will enhance understanding of the hazards posed by the combination of PVC\u2010NPs and Ag\u2010NPs to freshwater fish and can improve environmental risk assessment and aquaculture methods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:17:51Z","timestamp":1785244671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Toxicological Consequences of Silver Nanoparticles Coexposed With Polyvinyl Chloride Nanoplastics on\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shereen R.","family":"Badran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9579-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaa","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Basic Science Center Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST)  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010022\u201002347\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9020076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201008906\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201013145\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010022\u201003488\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201009095\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076\u20106879(84)05016\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"APHA (American Public Health Association).2005. \u201cAmerican Water Works Association. 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