{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T03:19:32Z","timestamp":1787541572178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011705","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KIMST\u2010KS221614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KIMST\u2010KS221614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The ubiquitous presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) is raising concerns about their impact on the health of humans and other living organisms. Due to its tiny size, this particle can accumulate and circulate in the body after uptake, resulting in a variety of harmful outcomes on the organism, such as increased oxidative stress and induced inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of polystyrene MNPS on the epithelioma paulosum cyrini (EPC) cell line. The results of the MTT assay indicated that 0.2 and 1\u2009\u03bcm of MNPs did not cause acute cytotoxicity in the cells after 48\u2009h of exposure; however, at longer term exposure with these particles, cytotoxicity was observed in a dose\u2010dependent manner. The accumulation of both nano\u2010 and micro\u2010sized plastics was increased as time\u2010dependent manner on EPC cells. However, they showed strong adherence to the cell surface. The fluorescence intensity as accumulated MNPs for short\u2010term exposure was higher in 1\u2009\u03bcm of MNPs than 0.2\u2009\u03bcm of MNPs. Short\u2010term incubation with MNPs did not induce oxidative stress, as indicated by the insignificant change in intracellular ROS levels. Notably, MNPs did not significantly impact the expression of stress\u2010related genes in either short\u2010 or long\u2010term exposure but altered the expression of some cytokine genes in both instances. About 1\u2009\u03bcm of PS particles increased pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, including\n                    <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    at both time points and\n                    <jats:italic>IL1\u2010\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    after 2\u2009weeks. While both sizes of PS plastics inhibited the expression of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine at long\u2010term incubation, only the larger size altered the expression of this gene at 48\u2009h. These results suggested that long\u2010term exposure to MNPs can decrease EPC cell survival and induce cell inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:41:06Z","timestamp":1787539266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cellular Toxicity of Short\u2010 and Long\u2010Term Exposures to Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Fish Skin Cell Derived From Fathead Minnow (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Pimephales promelas<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trang Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Science Institute Chonnam National University  Yeosu South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Gyeongsang National University  Jinju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2965-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Science Institute Chonnam National University  Yeosu South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1010-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihn\u2010Sil","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Science Institute Chonnam National University  Yeosu South Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Ocean Integrated Science Chonnam National University  Yeosu South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4645","article-title":"Ecotoxicological Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Common Carp: Insights Into Blood Parameters, DNA Damage, and Gene Expression","volume":"44","author":"Acar \u00dc.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.019","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Alter the Cytotoxicity of Human Pharmaceuticals on Marine Fish Cell Lines","volume":"69","author":"Almeida M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling Impacts on Populations: Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Exposure to the Endocrine Disruptor 17\u03b2\u2010Trenbolone as a Case Study","volume":"59","author":"Ankley G. 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