{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:52:23Z","timestamp":1785891143393,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Auramine O (AO) is a widely used synthetic dye that poses serious environmental and health risks, yet the mechanisms underlying its multiorgan toxicity remain poorly understood. This investigation aims to assess the systemic toxicity of AO in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. The animals were divided into a control group, AO\u2010exposed groups (5 and 10\u2009mg\/kg), and a positive control group receiving bisphenol A (50\u2009mg\/kg) for 90\u2009days of exposure via oral gavage. Toxicity was assessed through body weight, serum biochemical markers, histopathology, gene expression (RT\u2010PCR), immunohistochemistry, and HPLC\u2010based quantification of AO in both urine and plasma. AO showed a quick systemic distribution to physiological organs and was primarily eliminated via the renal pathway. In addition, this study revealed a dose\u2010dependent decrease in body weight. Biomarkers, such as bilirubin, albumin, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase levels, showed a significant elevation. In the brain homogenate, acetylcholinesterase level was notably reduced. Histopathological analysis of tissue samples revealed considerable damage to the liver (hepatic injury), kidney (tubular degeneration), heart (myocardial injury), and brain (neuronal degeneration). Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of inflammatory (\n                    <jats:italic>tnf\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>nfkb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and apoptotic (\n                    <jats:italic>caspase\u20103<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>caspase\u20109<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) markers, and immunohistochemistry resulted in upregulated expression of\n                    <jats:italic>nfkb<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These results emphasize the potential health hazards linked to prolonged AO exposure, necessitating stringent environmental regulatory measures and further research into its long\u2010term safety and potential therapeutic interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:20:47Z","timestamp":1785889247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Contaminant Auramine O, a Synthetic Dye Exposure Induces Multiorgan Toxicity via Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways in Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology  Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magesh","family":"Santhanakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology  Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Gokul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology  Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader O.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhlid H.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvaraj","family":"Arokiyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science Sejong University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariadhas Valan","family":"Arasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2894-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Karthick Raja","family":"Namasivayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS)  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesu","family":"Arockiaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology  Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55251\/jmbfs.9505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70882"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816651621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Eco\u2010Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing","author":"Chequer F. 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