{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:31:51Z","timestamp":1786699911705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The consumption of green tea (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (L.) Kuntze) in the form of encapsulated dietary supplements has increased substantially in recent years; however, data supporting toxicological risk assessment of inorganic contaminants in these products remain limited. Unlike traditional tea infusions, encapsulated supplements deliver concentrated plant material in fixed daily doses, requiring exposure\u2010based rather than concentration\u2010based toxicological evaluation. In this study, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were quantified in 11 batches of commercially available encapsulated green tea supplements from six brands marketed in Southeast Brazil. Elemental analysis was performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS), and measured concentrations (mg\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were converted into estimated daily intake (EDI, \u03bcg\/day) based on the maximum labeled intake. Toxicological relevance was primarily assessed using permitted daily exposure (PDE) limits established in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter &lt;2232&gt;, with complementary interpretation based on estimated weekly intake (EWI) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) reference values. Estimated daily exposures to arsenic, conservatively assumed as inorganic arsenic, and cadmium remained below their respective PDE values in all analyzed batches. In contrast, lead exposure exceeded the USP\u2009&lt;2232&gt;\u2009PDE of 5\u2009\u03bcg\/day in two batches, revealing batch dependent noncompliance under an exposure\u2010based regulatory framework. These findings demonstrate that dietary supplements may act as concentrated sources of elemental exposure and highlight the importance of dose\u2010normalized assessment for accurate risk characterization. The integration of PDE with complementary exposure metrics strengthens the evaluation of toxicological risk and supports more robust, exposure\u2010based regulatory approaches for the safety assessment of botanical dietary supplements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T08:47:46Z","timestamp":1786697266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure\u2010Based Toxicological Evaluation of Lead and Elemental Impurities in Encapsulated Green Tea Dietary Supplements Under a Regulatory Framework"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"da Silva Chaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0652-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisia Maria Gobbo","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Elementos Inorg\u00e2nicos, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0436-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Scaramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Maria Peixoto","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Coelho","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"do Couto Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Elementos Inorg\u00e2nicos, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9434-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto Klabund","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Sa\u00fade Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2014.965868"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria (ANVISA).2018. \u201cResolu\u00e7\u00e3o RDC n\u00b0 243 de 26 de julho de 2018: Disp\u00f5e sobre os requisitos sanit\u00e1rios dos suplementos alimentares.\u201d Bras\u00edlia. ANVISA. Retrieved June 2016.https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/saudelegis\/anvisa\/2018\/rdc0243_26_07_2018.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria (ANVISA).2022a. \u201cResolution RDC No. 722 of July 1 2022: Establishes Maximum Tolerated Limits for Inorganic Contaminants in Food.\u201d Bras\u00edlia. ANVISA."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria (ANVISA).2022b. \u201cNormative Instruction no. 160 of July 1 2022: Establishes Maximum Tolerated Limits for Inorganic Contaminants in Food.\u201d Bras\u00edlia. ANVISA."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011\u2010016\u20100776\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010016\u20105157\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Determination of Heavy Metals in Mushroom Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Dospatliev L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8488"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC).2022. \u201cAssessment Report on Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze non fermentatum folium.\u201d including addendum (2022). London. EMA."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/chem\u20102018\u20100029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsae064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2019.16.002806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093802"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.678949"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO).2018. \u201cGuidance on Analytical Method Validation: DOQ\u2010CGCRE\u2010008.\u201d Rio de Janeiro. INMETRO.https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inmetro\/pt\u2010br\/centrais\u2010de\u2010conteudo\/publicacoes\/orientacoes\/avaliacao\u2010da\u2010conformidade\/doq\u2010cgcre\u2010008.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/intox\u20102014\u20100009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).2011. \u201cEvaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: Seventy\u2010Third Report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.\u201d WHO Technical Report Series 960. World Health Organization Geneva.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO\u2010TRS\u2010960."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871523015666160915154443"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11223580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ\u201009\u20100692"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065\u2010016\u20100154\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Teas Commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Their Transfer to Tea Infusion","volume":"2015","author":"Santos L. M. 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