{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:07:42Z","timestamp":1789542462393,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tremendous therapeutic potential of carbon\u2010based nanomaterials (CNMs) has been limited by inconsistent data regarding the nanotoxicity assessment. Although a bulk of studies have been performed to assess the in\u00a0vitro cytotoxicity mechanism of CNMs, the exact factors responsible for the cytotoxicity of CNMs have not been fully understood. With the rapid advancement of mass spectrometry technologies, proteomics has emerged as a powerful strategy for systematically investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying toxicity induced by nanomaterials. This study examined the in\u00a0vitro cytotoxicity of single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in human MCF\u20107 breast cancer cells by conducting a comparative proteome\u2010level analysis using mass spectrometry. Initially, the characterized SWCNTs were incubated with MCF\u20107 cells for 3, 6, and 24\u2009h. Proteins were subsequently extracted from each treatment group and subjected to nano\u2010liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (nLC\u2013MS\/MS) analysis. The relative abundance of the identified proteins was determined by comparison with the control group, and differential expression patterns, including upregulated and downregulated proteins, were assessed. A total of 3482 unique protein groups were identified across all exposure periods. Among these, 3466 protein groups were detected following 3\u2009h of exposure, 3469 following 6\u2009h of exposure, and 3480 following 24\u2009h of exposure. Compared with the control group, the identified differentially expressed proteins exhibited fold changes ranging from 2\u2010fold to 20\u2010fold across the incubation periods. In total, 70 proteins were found to be significantly regulated following SWCNT exposure. Of the differentially expressed proteins, 45 were significantly upregulated, whereas 25 were significantly downregulated. Visualization of these regulations over time was shown in a heatmap of log2\u2010transformed fold\u2010change values to explore time\u2010specific proteomic alterations. Functional enrichment analysis of these proteins also showed that the regulated proteins were significantly associated with Reactome pathways, including ER\u2010to\u2010Golgi anterograde transport, Golgi\u2010to\u2010ER retrograde transport, COPI\u2010mediated vesicle trafficking, regulation of insulin\u2010like growth factor transport and uptake by insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010binding proteins, protein metabolism, and posttranslational protein modification. Furthermore, a systematic comparison of previous studies within the present findings was provided to situate our study within the broader context of understanding CNT\u2010induced cellular toxicity. Collectively, these findings provided an important proteomic evidence of the adverse effects of SWCNTs on MCF\u20107 cells. Furthermore, this study showed a comprehensive proteomic landscape of cellular responses to SWCNT exposure, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SWCNT\u2010induced cytotoxicity and bridging the gap between protein regulation and the resulting cellular responses. In this study, we characterized the proteomic landscape of MCF\u20107 cells following SWCNT exposure, revealing molecular mechanisms associated with cellular responses and cytotoxicity. The identified differentially expressed proteins established a link between altered protein regulation and SWCNT\u2010induced cellular effects. Moreover, these proteins need to be further validated in different cell models and would potentially represent promising candidates for the identification of novel molecular targets involved in SWCNT\u2010induced cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:57:57Z","timestamp":1789541877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidating the In\u00a0Vitro Adverse Effect of Functionalized Single\u2010Walled Carbon Nanotubes Against Breast Cancer Cells at the Proteomics Level"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayimg\u00fcl","family":"Uzunyol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Technology, Vocational School Ostim Technical University  Ankara Turkey"},{"name":"UNAM\u2013National Nanotechnology Research 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