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Given the potential risks of phenol (Ph) and the need for safer alternatives to traditional antimicrobial products, in silico toxicity tools, in\u00a0vivo experiments for developmental toxicity, and DNA damage in chicken embryos were used. In the in silico simulation, among three test compounds, PhBC\u2010FAME was identified as the most toxic developmental compound for aquatic organisms but with the least toxicity for rat development. This finding was further investigated in\u00a0vivo using several endpoints in the chicken embryonic model, including mortality rate, malformation rate, liver somatic index (LSI), ratio of embryo to egg weight (REEW), and oxidative stress. The three compounds were injected into fertilized eggs at three different dosages: 33, 300, and 1333\u2009\u03bcg\/kg. Among these, PhBC\u2010FAME showed a 33% mortality rate at the highest dosage (1333\u2009\u03bcg\/kg). PhBC\u2010FAAM at the lowest dosage (33\u2009\u03bcg\/kg) showed statistically significant changes in the REEW index compared with control. In the Comet assay, PhBC\u2010FAME at both 0.1 and 1\u2009mM showed significant differences compared with the control, demonstrating concerning genotoxicity and making it an unsuitable monomer for safe coating applications. It can be concluded that PhBC\u2010FA exhibits mild toxicity, whereas PhBC\u2010FAAM exhibits an even lower toxicity profile, supporting their potential use in biopolymer\u2010based antimicrobial coatings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:21:52Z","timestamp":1788960112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotoxic and Developmental Evaluation of Phenol\u2010Functionalized Fatty Acid Derivatives for Safer Antimicrobial Coatings"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0741-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzana","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4685-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center  Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center  Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Bhisey R.2022. \u201cBio\u2010Based Phenol Market Is Predicted to Expand at a CAGR of 5.5% During the Forecast Period Notes TMR Study Transparency Market Research.\u201d PR Newswire 2022 Wilmington USA.https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news\u2010releases\/bio\u2010based\u2010phenolmarket\u2010is\u2010predicted\u2010to\u2010expand\u2010at\u2010a\u2010cagr\u2010of\u20105\u20105\u2010during\u2010the\u2010forecastperiod\u2010notes\u2010tmr\u2010study\u2010301573316.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043\u20101354(67)90071\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130\u2010017\u20100634\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaa093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JEP.2008.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Downs J. 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