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Early\u2010life exposure is known to negatively affect a variety of traits in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the cumulative effects of lifetime exposure on health span (the period of life spent in good health) remain poorly understood. We used\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to investigate the effect of lifetime atrazine exposure on two critical health span indicators: mobility and gut epithelial integrity. Flies were reared and aged for up to 27\u2009days on media containing atrazine dissolved in distilled water at concentrations ranging from 0 to 20\u2009ppm. Mobility was assessed via negative geotaxis climbing assays, whereas gut integrity was measured using the \u201csmurfing\u201d dye\u2010leakage assay. Atrazine exposure significantly increased smurfing rates. This effect was sex specific and observed in females but not males. Furthermore, the relationship between atrazine concentration and gut leakage followed a nonmonotonic dose\u2013response curve, with the highest smurfing rates occurring at the intermediate concentration of 2\u2009ppm. Atrazine exposure did not significantly affect climbing ability in either sex. Both smurfing rate and climbing height were affected by age. Increased smurfing rates due to atrazine exposure were observed in as young as 6\u2010day\u2010old females. There was, however, no significant interaction between age and atrazine treatment for smurfing, suggesting that atrazine's effects do not intensify with advancing age. Together, these findings suggest that chronic atrazine exposure negatively affects health span by deteriorating gut integrity in a sex\u2010specific and nonlinear manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:35:36Z","timestamp":1789094136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Lifetime Atrazine Exposure on Climbing Ability and Gut Integrity in Aged\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6338-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan M.","family":"Dillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University  Binghamton New York USA"},{"name":"Toxicology Program North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1441-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noy","family":"Nebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University  Binghamton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3865-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Fiumera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University  Binghamton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244\u2010009\u20109371\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201012460\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2021.1996830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00949650215733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05793"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/es991115+","article-title":"Watershed Vulnerability to Losses of Agricultural Chemicals: Interactions of Chemistry, Hydrology, and Land\u2010Use","volume":"34","author":"Blanchard P. 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