{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:02:44Z","timestamp":1789430564821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) can modify the partitioning, uptake, and biological effects of co\u2010occurring contaminants, yet zebrafish studies have reported markedly divergent combined responses. This critical review evaluates co\u2010exposure to MPs and metals, pesticides, or antibiotics using two complementary dimensions: confidence in interaction classification and confidence in mechanistic attribution. Across the 86 original research studies, only 12 (13.9%) met the high\u2010confidence criteria for interaction classification and 13 (15.1%) for mechanistic attribution, whereas 28 (32.6%) and 41 (47.7%), respectively, provided limited evidence. Claims of synergy or antagonism are considered robust only when supported by concentration\u2013response data, an explicit additivity model, and quantitative uncertainty analysis. Mechanistic interpretation distinguishes external contaminant partitioning from internal delivery. Sorption to MPs may lower freely dissolved concentrations and produce sequestration, increase internal exposure when ingestion is followed by biologically relevant release, or coexist with stronger toxicity caused by particle\u2010induced sensitization. Across contaminant classes, the observed outcomes are influenced by chemical speciation and ionization, particle size and aging, matrix chemistry, exposure route, gastrointestinal release, tissue burden, and developmental stage. Concentration addition and independent action remain useful reference models, but applications based only on nominal concentrations are difficult to interpret when MPs alter the biologically effective dose, exposure route, or host susceptibility. Future studies should combine complete factorial and concentration\u2013response designs with measurements of freely dissolved, particle\u2010associated, gastrointestinally bioaccessible, and tissue\u2010associated fractions, together with chronic, route\u2010specific exposure and toxicokinetic analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:10:01Z","timestamp":1789427401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Effects of Microplastics and Heavy Metals, Pesticides, and Antibiotics in Zebrafish (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Danio rerio<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ): A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-9110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1733546","article-title":"Metal Adsorption by Microplastics in Aquatic Environments Under Controlled Conditions: Exposure Time, pH and Salinity","volume":"102","author":"Ahechti M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1907","article-title":"Trophic Transfer of Microplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems: Identifying Critical Research Needs","volume":"13","author":"Au S. 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