{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:55:15Z","timestamp":1790848515525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is commonly used in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceutical formulations as a low\u2010molecular\u2010weight phthalate. Despite its widespread use, information on its effects on the gastric mucosa remains limited. This study examined the dose\u2010related effects of DEP on inflammation, oxidative stress, gastric mucosal defense, DNA damage, apoptosis, and histopathological changes in rat gastric tissue. Twenty\u2010eight female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097 per group): control and DEP (100, 300, or 600\u2009mg\/kg\/day). These experimental toxicological doses were administered by oral gavage for 21\u2009days. Gastric tissue levels of interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1), and mucin\u20105AC (MUC5AC) were determined by ELISA. Histopathological examination, Bax\/Bcl\u20102 immunohistochemistry, and comet assay were performed. Dose\u2013response relationships were assessed using polynomial trend analysis. DEP exposure resulted in significant dose\u2010dependent increases in IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, COX\u20102, MDA, Bax expression, Bax\/Bcl\u20102 ratio, histopathological damage, and DNA damage (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas SOD levels and Bcl\u20102 expression significantly decreased (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). TFF1 and MUC5AC levels were significantly increased at 100\u2009mg\/kg but significantly decreased at 600\u2009mg\/kg compared with controls. Histopathological examination showed progressive gastric mucosal injury with increasing DEP doses. DEP exposure induced dose\u2010related changes in gastric inflammation, oxidative stress, mucosal protective factors, histopathology, DNA damage, and apoptosis\u2010related protein expression. The findings suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with altered mucosal defense, DNA damage, and apoptosis following DEP exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:38:43Z","timestamp":1789652323000},"page":"4242-4254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose\u2010Related Gastric Toxicity of Diethyl Phthalate in Female Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8691-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gul\u00a0Sahika","family":"Gokdemir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology Mardin Artuklu University  Mardin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2923-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet\u00a0Cihan","family":"Yava\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics Mardin Artuklu University  Mardin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selim","family":"Demirta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology Mardin Artuklu University  Mardin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazile\u00a0Cant\u00fcrk","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics Erciyes University  Kayseri Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9954-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih","family":"Varol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics Erciyes University  Kayseri Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5546-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet\u00a0Tahir","family":"Gokdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine Mardin Artuklu University  Mardin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/JKSUS_1651_2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735\u2010025\u201010634\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247\u2010025\u201010115\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jfbc\/5544037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278\u20106915(00)00124\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1128202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4938"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(21)00431\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015\u20106264(78)80258\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020807912371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9100237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165655"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30970\/sbi.1801.761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860\u2010025\u201000537\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/56450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i13.1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.622815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Diethyl 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