{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:53:36Z","timestamp":1790992416562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hair bleaching products commonly contain ammonia and hydrogen peroxide, chemicals capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, their effects on innate immune signaling pathways associated with DNA damage remain poorly understood. We investigated whether repeated topical exposure to a bleaching mixture modulates the cGAS\u2013STING pathway in C57BL\/6 mice. Male and female mice were exposed weekly for 10\u2009weeks to a commercial bleaching formulation containing 5.8% ammonia and 12% hydrogen peroxide. A subgroup received N\u2010acetylcysteine (100\u2009mg\/kg), an antioxidant treatment, 1\u2009h before each exposure. Gene expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Cgas<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Sting<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Tbk1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was assessed by RT\u2010qPCR in spleen samples, and femoral bone marrow was examined histologically. Male mice exposed to the bleaching mixture showed significant upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Cgas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Sting<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts compared with N\u2010acetylcysteine\u2010treated animals, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Sting<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was also increased relative to controls. Histological evaluation identified clustered megakaryocytes with dysplastic features in two exposed males, whereas female mice showed no transcriptional or histological alterations. These findings suggest that repeated exposure to bleaching chemicals may promote oxidative stress\u2013associated transcriptional changes in the cGAS\u2013STING in a sex\u2010dependent manner. Although additional mechanistic studies are warranted, these preliminary data support further investigation of transcriptional and functional responses involving innate immune DNA\u2010sensing pathways following repeated exposure to hair\u2010bleaching chemicals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:20:52Z","timestamp":1790990452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repeated Exposure to a Hair Bleaching Mixture Alters cGAS\u2013STING Pathway Transcripts in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5784-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Rodrigues","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM) Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0939-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjori Lima Boblitz","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM) Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald Feitosa","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM) Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Federal University of Ceara  Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i2.36","article-title":"Association Between Hair Dye Use and Cancer in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Case\u2010Control Studies","volume":"22","author":"Ahmadi M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.056","article-title":"TBK1 and IKK\u03b5 Act Redundantly to Mediate STING\u2010Induced NF\u2010\u03baB Responses in Myeloid Cells","volume":"31","author":"Balka K. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13152","article-title":"Skin Barrier Immunity and Ageing","volume":"160","author":"Chambers E. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F629","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00260.2021","article-title":"The Role of the Androgen Receptor in Sexual Dimorphisms of Renal Ammonia Metabolism","volume":"321","author":"Harris A. N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Renal Physiology"},{"issue":"7213","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","article-title":"STING Is an Endoplasmic Reticulum Adaptor That Facilitates Innate Immune Signalling","volume":"455","author":"Ishikawa H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00584.2018","article-title":"Recent Advances in Sex Differences in Kidney Function","volume":"316","author":"Layton A. T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139","article-title":"The cGAS\u2013cGAMP\u2013STING Pathway Connects DNA Damage to Inflammation, Senescence, and Cancer","volume":"215","author":"Li T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real\u2010Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak K. J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119676881.ch32","volume-title":"Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures","author":"Rust R. C.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00456-z","article-title":"Defining Roles of Specific Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cell Biology and Physiology","volume":"23","author":"Sies H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70453","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jat.70453","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:20:54Z","timestamp":1790990454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.70453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.70453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.70453","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jat.70453"}}