{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:01:52Z","timestamp":1790380912664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2\u20102021\u201011436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2\u20102021\u201011436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous studies on lead (Pb)\u2010mediated oxidative stress and DNA methylation have been evaluated independently. The present study integrates Pb exposure assessment with oxidative protein damage, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), and global DNA methylation in occupationally exposed Pb\u2010battery recycling workers and evaluates whether BPbLs independently predicts these biomarkers after adjustment to potential confounding variables. We also examined the relationship between oxidative stress markers and epigenetic alterations We compared 78 Pb\u2010battery recycling male workers with 65 unexposed male controls. Demographic data were obtained using a questionnaire. Serum TAOC and protein carbonyl content were quantified using commercially standardized assays. 5\u2010mC DNA methylation and blood Pb levels (BPbLs) were measured from whole blood using commercially standardized kit and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, respectively. The exposed group showed significantly higher BPbLs (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and protein carbonyl content (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and lower TAOC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and 5\u2010mC DNA methylation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) than controls. 5\u2010mC DNA methylation was negatively correlated with protein carbonyl content (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0001), indicating an association between protein oxidants and epigenetic alterations. Multiple linear regression models accounted for 25.3%, 24.4%, and 36.9% of the variance in protein carbonyl content, TAOC, and 5\u2010mC DNA methylation, respectively. BPbLs emerged as an independent predictor across all three outcomes, while smoking and tobacco chewing provided additional contributions to TAOC and 5\u2010mC DNA methylation, respectively. This study observed that the occupational Pb exposure assessment is associated with oxidative stress and epigenetic alterations among Pb\u2010recycling workers and further confirms the true cause\u2010and\u2010effect relationship suggested by prospective longitudinal design studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:35:02Z","timestamp":1790379302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lead Exposure Is Associated With Protein Carbonylation Content and DNA Methylation in Pb\u2010Battery Recycling Workers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0598-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartikey","family":"Matte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Extramural lead toxicity project, hosted at ICMR \u2010 Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern) (ICMR\u2013ROHC(S)), NIOHR  Bengaluru Karnataka India"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences REVA University  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubhangi","family":"Pingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry ICMR \u2010 Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOHR  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajani","family":"Tumane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry ICMR \u2010 Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOHR  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjula Kannasandra","family":"Ramaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences REVA University  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalahasthi","family":"Ravibabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry ICMR \u2010 Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOHR  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinay Kumar","family":"Adepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry ICMR \u2010 Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), NIOHR  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00775\u2010023\u201002042\u2010W"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011\u2010024\u201004270\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106het657oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010319\u201020013\u20102_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12011\u2010025\u201004692\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JAPTR.JAPTR_116_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/V10102\u2010009\u20100003\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"CDC.2024. \u201cBlood Lead Level Guidance|Lead|CDC.\u201d [accessed 2026 Mar 2].https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/lead\/bll\u2010reference\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"Central Pollution Control Board.2026. \u201cGuidelines for Recycling of Waste Batteries (Lead Acid and Lithium\u2010Ion) Delhi CPCB Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change.\u201d [accessed 2026 August 30]. 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