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Pollutants discharged in industrial effluents can significantly induce genetic damage in aquatic organisms, leading to long\u2010term ecological consequences and impairments in fish health and reproduction. The present study provides an integrated assessment of neurotoxic, genotoxic, biochemical, and histopathological response of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    against composite of industrial effluents. Fish were exposed to 1\/5th of sublethal LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration of composite untreated industrial effluents from Sundar Industrial Estate for 14\u2009days, alongside an untreated control group. Neurotoxicity and biochemical analyses were done by measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities in liver, muscle, and brain tissues, while cytogenotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus, erythrocyte nuclear alterations, cellular abnormalities, and comet assay. Results showed significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) inhibition of AChE activity by 1.28\u2010fold in muscle, 2.53\u2010fold in liver, and 1.35\u2010fold in brain tissues. CbE activity was significantly induced (2.17\u2010fold) in liver, while inhibited by 1.2\u2010fold in muscle and 1.62\u2010fold in brain tissues. Micronuclei formation and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities including notched, elongated, and blebbed nuclei along with cellular deformities such as spindle\u2010shaped, swollen, and vacuolated cells were observed in exposed fish. The comet assay revealed minor to moderate DNA damage, with significant differences in comet parameters compared to control. Histopathological alterations in liver, muscle, and brain tissues were also evident. The present findings demonstrate that these industrial effluents have the potential to induce toxic effect at multiple biological levels in exposed fish. Overall, industrial effluents caused enzymatic disruption, genetic damage, and tissue injury, posing risks to fish and human consumers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:11:19Z","timestamp":1791969079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Industrial Effluent\u2010Induced Multi\u2010Organ Toxicity, Genotoxicity, DNA Damage, and Esterase Activities Changes in the Brain, Liver, and Muscle of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarwat","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Lahore College for Women University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazala","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Lahore College for Women University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4795-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iqra","family":"Muzaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Lahore College for Women University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateen","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Lahore College for Women University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17656\/11777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499\u2010024\u201001750\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010023\u201003833\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2022.2074201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.1999.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128\u2010025\u201004141\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1542152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3856\/vol48\u2010issue4\u2010fulltext\u20102351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32350\/cto.41.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921\u20108777(94)00043\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.109839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/398_2021_76"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2012.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565\u2010008\u20109072\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2018.1447631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1380652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010020\u201002566\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695\u2010025\u201001490\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(61)90145\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by the Environmental Protection Agency","author":"EPA, U","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984\u20103143\u2010ar2022\u20100080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrandino I. 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