{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:45:44Z","timestamp":1791884744710,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Soil\u2010bound arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) reach the human body through accidental ingestion, yet most risk assessments rely on total soil metal content rather than the fraction that is actually released and absorbed. The present study linked these steps directly by coupling simulated gastrointestinal digestion with human intestinal (Caco\u20102) and hepatic (HL\u20107702) cell models and evaluated whether biochar supported nano\u2010zero\u2010valent iron (\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010nZVI) could interrupt the pathway from contaminated soil to cellular injury. SEM\u2010EDS and XRD confirmed the successful doping of crystalline Fe\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    nanoparticles on biochar surface. Linear regression revealed strong correlation between DTPA\u2010extractable and total soil As (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9963) and Cd (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9984), confirming DTPA\u2010extraction as a reliable proxy for extractable metal pool. Bioaccessibility increased with increase in co\u2010contamination levels reaching 72.0% for As and 62.2% for Cd at the highest co\u2010contamination level (T3).\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010nZVI significantly reduced bioaccessibility to 27.3% (As) and 17.3% (Cd) at 3% application rate. This immobilization translated to biological protection, where HL\u20107702 viability (MTT) reduced to 15.8% and membrane damage (LDH release) reached 85.2% at highest co\u2010contamination.\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010nZVI enhanced the cell viability to 94.5% and reduced membrane damage to 49.2% with 3% dose. Multivariate modeling identified bioavailable As as a significant predictor of cytotoxicity (each 1% increase in bioavailable As predicted \u22481.1% reduction in cell viability), while Cd toxicity followed a pH\u2010mediated pathway decoupled from its bioavailable fraction. This study traces the full exposure chain from soil chemistry through gut\u2013liver response to remediation outcomes within co\u2010contaminated system. Therefore, it provides a mechanistic framework for contaminated soil and highlights the potential of\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010nZVI for reducing dietary exposure in co\u2010contaminated agricultural lands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1791881787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biochar\u2010nZVI Mediated Immobilization of Soil As and Cd Reduces Their Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxic Potential in Caco\u20102\/HL\u20107702 Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6191-3158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Program, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences 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