{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:42:23Z","timestamp":1792370543966,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Deltamethrin is among the pyrethroids most frequently detected in Egyptian irrigation canals and drains, the same water bodies that support\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the snail that transmits\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in Egypt. The objective of this study was to characterize the response of adult\n                    <jats:italic>B. alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    to sublethal concentrations of a commercial deltamethrin formulation, using hemocyte, biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers. The hypothesis tested was that sublethal deltamethrin reduces the number of circulating hemocytes, alters the balance between hemocyte classes and damages hemocyte structure, at concentrations comparable with those measured in Egyptian watercourses. Adult snails were exposed to a commercial deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate, the form applied in the field. The 24\u2010h median lethal concentration (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was 0.41\u2009mg\/L as nominal active ingredient. Snails were then held for 48\u2009h or 10 d at nominal LC\n                    <jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.04\u2009mg\/L), LC\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.25\u2009mg\/L), and LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.28\u2009mg\/L), the lowest of these being 1.2\u2010fold the highest deltamethrin concentration so far reported from Giza\u2010area watercourses. Circulating hemocytes fell by 35% after 48\u2009h and by 45% after 10 d at LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The differential profile shifted toward granulocytes, from 66% in the 10\u2010d control to 84% at LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), at the expense of hyalinocytes and blast\u2010like cells. Exposed cells showed retracted pseudopodia, incomplete mitotic figures, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and membrane rupture. Binucleate hemocytes rose from 12.50% to 35.87% and micronucleated cells from 2.63% to 6.43% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose rose while total protein and albumin fell; reduced glutathione (GSH) rose alongside malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ); and the digestive gland and the ovotestis degenerated with concentration. The hypothesis was accepted. The hemocyte compartment is a sensitive target of sublethal pyrethroid exposure in a snail of direct public health importance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:38:01Z","timestamp":1792370281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hemocyte, Biochemical, and Histopathological Responses of\n                    <i>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/i>\n                    , the Egyptian Intermediate Host of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    , to Sublethal Deltamethrin Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6470-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha\u00a0Ezzat\u00a0Mohamed","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha\u00a0Mohamed","family":"Gad\u00a0El\u2010Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan\u00a0El\u2010Sayed","family":"Flefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed\u00a0Ramadan","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088\u2010023\u201000378\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244\u2010025\u201001129\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"RA141\u2013RA147","article-title":"Pesticides and Oxidative Stress: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Abdollahi M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2026.477896.7742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201010711\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Micronucleus Test: A Good Biomarker for Determination of Genetic Changes in Aquatic Organisms","volume":"1","author":"Arslan O. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Pollution and Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936\u2010018\u20100068\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wqrj.1977.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved Method for the Determination of Blood Glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler E.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"Glutathione S\u2010Transferase, Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Lipid Peroxidation as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Snails: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Bhagat J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invertebrate Survival Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.109923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010020\u201004384\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620091009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432\u20101033.1996.0785w.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620081203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045\u20106535(99)00064\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CHOL9780521077910"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201074439\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383\u20105718(02)00086\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2026.105711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188898"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010025\u201002871\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2020.1781098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1997.1575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.839746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008005155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2026.2694791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2011.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2014.514132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.01.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"959","article-title":"Influence of Certain Fertilizers on the Activity of Some Molluscicides Against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis Snails","volume":"36","author":"Ragab F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.5.704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsee.2023.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","volume-title":"Mikroskopische Technik","author":"Romeis B.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2021.1893487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2022.265794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2019.1699536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2003.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Molluscicide Screening and Evaluation","volume":"33","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.60151\/envec\/VFHT1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Molluscicidal Activities of Certain Pesticides and Their Mixtures Against Biomphalaria alexandrina","volume":"32","author":"Zidan Z. H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jat.70477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:38:03Z","timestamp":1792370283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.70477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.70477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.70477","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jat.70477"}}