{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:41:02Z","timestamp":1792453262233,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Phthalates pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems, though their effects on nontarget organisms have been reported, with little information on Hydra. This study evaluated the developmental, cytotoxic and behavioural toxicity of four phthalates, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2\u2010ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at concentrations ranging between 1 and 100\u2009mg\/L in\n                    <jats:italic>Hydra vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    over 96\u2009h. DBP induced acute toxicity and lethality with a 48\u2009h LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 5.3\u2009mg\/L. No mortality was observed for DEP, DMP and DEHP at this range of concentrations; however, DEP induced severe morphological changes and affected locomotion and tentacle movements of hydra at 100\u2009mg\/L. DBP caused distinct developmental effects, with disrupted regeneration and decreased reproductive output at the respective 1\/10th and 1\/2nd LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations of 0.53 and 2.7\u2009mg\/L. Behavioural endpoints such as foraging responses and locomotor activity were impaired at 0.53\u2009mg\/L. Furthermore, cytotoxicity, with 53% DNA damage and an increased rate of apoptosis, was observed. This study reveals that DBP was highly toxic to hydra compared to the other three phthalates. The order of toxicity was found to be DBP\u2009&gt;\u2009DEP\u2009&gt;\u2009DMP\u2009&gt;\u2009DEHP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:01:38Z","timestamp":1792450898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicological Assessment of Phthalate Plasticizers in\n                    <i>Hydra vulgaris<\/i>\n                    : Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Developmental and Behavioural Effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya Mohan","family":"Menon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences Bharathidasan University  Tiruchirappalli 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University  Tiruchirappalli India"},{"name":"National Centre for Alternatives in Animal Experiment (NCAAE) Bharathidasan University  Tiruchirappalli India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirumurugan","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences Bharathidasan University  Tiruchirappalli 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