{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:59:28Z","timestamp":1760576368068,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,8]],"date-time":"2002-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1020816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromium is an essential nutrient required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in humans and many animal species. We evaluated whether feeding laying hens with high levels of different chemical forms of trivalent chromium may affect hepatic metabolizing cytochrome P\u2010450 (CYP)\u2010linked enzymes. Modulation of CYP\u2010dependent monooxygenases (which play a pivotal role in the endogenous metabolism) by Cr(III) was tested using either specific substrates as probes of different CYPs or testosterone as a multi\u2010bioprobe. The CYP\u2010supported oxidases were studied in liver microsomes from laying hens fed with diet supplemented with either 25 or 50 ppm chromium chloride as a yeast or as aminoniacinate. Although at 25 ppm no appreciable effects were observed, at 50 ppm a general inactivation of the recorded monooxygenases (ranging from 34% loss for ethoxycoumarin <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010deethylase with chromium chloride to 85% loss for <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010deethylation of ethoxyresorufin with either chromium yeast or aminoniacinate) were achieved in the supplemented groups vs controls. The only exception was the <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin, which was significantly boosted by both chromium yeast (up to 65% increase) and chromium aminoniacinate (up to 141%). Measurements of the regio\u2010 and stereoselective hydroxylation of testosterone used as a multi\u2010bioprobe corroborated the inactivating properties of Cr(III) at the higher dose. Taken as a whole, these findings seem to indicate that high levels of Cr(III) supplementation can substantially impair CYP\u2010catalysed drug metabolism in laying hens. Copyright \u00a9 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T19:28:18Z","timestamp":1030303698000},"page":"161-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of trivalent chromium on hepatic CYP\u2010linked monooxygenases in laying hens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M. 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