{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:12:18Z","timestamp":1791097938665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,18]],"date-time":"2002-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1026950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been a substantial proliferation in the number of studies reporting endocrine effects as an endpoint. The vast majority have focused on oestrogenicity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> but, with recent recommendations by the USEPA Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee, tests are now being developed for (anti)\u2010androgenicity and effects on the thyroid, largely because of the potential for altering reproduction or development via these mechanisms. Despite being a vital organ and involved in reproduction and development, there is currently no provision for assessing adrenocortical function. Similarly, the entire process of steroidogenesis poses multiple molecular targets for toxic disruption that are not included in current test strategies and at present there is no clear position on the significance of the data being generated. This review provides a framework for approaching endocrine data: that <jats:italic>all<\/jats:italic> the glands, tissues, receptors, transporter proteins and enzymes that comprise the endocrine system are targets for toxicity. They should be considered in much the same way as other target organs, with appropriate provision for the special cases of carcinogenesis and teratogenesis, and a pragmatic weight of evidence approach should be adopted considering all available data and recognizing its limitations. In this approach, structure\u2013activity relationships and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and targeted <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> screens provide useful data but repeat\u2010dose regulatory studies with defined endpoints provide the most powerful tools for hazard assessment. Pragmatic consideration should be given to exposure issues (which may highlight the practical irrelevance, for example, of very low potency oestrogens) and subsequently whether endocrine disruption is the critical or most sensitive endpoint for a compound. Finally, endocrine disruption may be considered a mechanism and, as with other toxic endpoints, knowledge of effect and no\u2010observable\u2010effect levels and reversibility is as important as identifying the target tissue or any inherent hormone\u2010like property. Copyright \u00a9 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T07:44:15Z","timestamp":1033890255000},"page":"241-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Approaches to the assessment of toxicity data with endpoints related to endocrine disruption"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Philip W.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040100214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3454363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(200001\/02)20:1<35::AID-JAT633>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology","author":"Cockburn A","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Opinion on Human and Wildlife Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, with Emphasis on Wildlife and Ecotoxicology Test Methods","author":"CSTEE","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199870091725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1383","volume-title":"Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Farwell AP","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203482674","volume-title":"The Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity","author":"Harvey PW","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology","author":"Harvey PW","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0211029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology","author":"Humfrey CDN","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-86-4-447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"The adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity","author":"Mann RD","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110427"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy","author":"OJEC","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"The Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity","author":"Raven PW","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3433998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108769"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.4.1024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjat.854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:01:33Z","timestamp":1760536893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.854","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}}}