{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T23:11:57Z","timestamp":1762125117493,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,17]],"date-time":"2003-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1069027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metoclopramide (MCP) is a dopamine receptor antagonist and serotonin receptor agonist widely used as an antiemetic and gastric prokinetic drug. In addition, MCP is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterases from the human central nervous system and blood, and may have a red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protective effect against inhibition by organophosphates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The purpose of the study was to quantify \u2018<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2019, by means of the IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> shift, the extent of MCP conferred protection, by using paraoxon (POX) and mipafox (MPFX) as inhibitors. Paraoxon is a widely used non\u2010neuropathic organophospate responsible for a large number of accidental or suicidal exposures. Mipafox is a neuropathic organophospate.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Red blood cell AChE activities in human plasma were measured photometrically in the presence of different POX, MPFX and MCP concentrations and the IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> was calculated. Determinations were repeated in the presence of increasing MCP concentrations. It appears that the IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> shift induced by the presence of MCP increases with the MCP concentration in a linear manner.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The protective effect of MCP on cholinesterases could be of practical relevance in the treatment of POX and MPFX poisoning. We conclude that <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> testing of MCP as an organophosphate protective agent is warranted. Copyright \u00a9 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,20]],"date-time":"2003-11-20T13:14:13Z","timestamp":1069334053000},"page":"447-451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> protection of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by metoclopramide from inhibition by organophosphates (paraoxon and mipafox)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Georg","family":"Petroianu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kholoud","family":"Arafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melita","family":"Kosanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayasarathy","family":"Camasamudram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/6.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1996.9999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2000.108182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"480","article-title":"Zur Messung der in vivo and in vitro Reaktivierbarkeit alkylphosphatvergifteter Serumcholinesterase durch 2\u2010PAM und Toxogonin mit verschiedenen Substanzen","volume":"7","author":"Geldmacher\u2010von Mallinkrodt M","year":"1969","journal-title":"Z. 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