{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:04:08Z","timestamp":1789207448882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,8]],"date-time":"2003-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous studies have been conducted investigating the reproductive toxicology of ethanol, the overwhelming majority concerning the adverse effects of consuming alcohol in beverages during pregnancy. Because many of the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies were designed to model alcoholism, they used comparatively high doses and assessed relatively few endpoints. Outcomes may have been affected by disturbances of metabolism at such high exposures, giving rise to secondary effects on development. The available data on ethanol from \u2018conventional\u2019 developmental toxicity study test methods of the type used for regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals are limited. It is in this context, however, i.e. the use of ethanol as an industrial chemical rather than as a component of beverages, that this review is based. Using the usual criteria applied for the purpose of hazard assessment of industrial chemicals, it is concluded that there is no evidence that industrial exposure to ethanol is a developmental toxicity hazard. Developmental toxicity may result from drinking alcoholic beverages, the threshold level for all aspects of which has yet to be de\ufb01ned. This is not, however, considered relevant to the low blood alcohol concentrations resulting from any conceivable inhalation or dermal exposure in the workplace or through the directed use of any consumer product containing ethanol. Copyright \u00a9 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,11]],"date-time":"2003-09-11T09:20:28Z","timestamp":1063272028000},"page":"289-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Relevance of the developmental toxicity of ethanol in the occupational setting: a review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lorraine F. H.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(79)90094-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(95)02020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)98055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199903)59:3<163::AID-TERA8>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Animal research: charting the course for FAS","volume":"18","author":"Becker H","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res. World"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Clinics in Perinatology","author":"Brent R","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Blood alcohol concentrations following inhalation of ethanol vapour under controlled conditions. HSE Occupational Hygiene Laboratories","volume":"2","author":"Campbell I","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Forens. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(79)90001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)00016-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320260321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420370605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Critical periods for prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"18","author":"Coles C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res. World"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The absorption, metabolism, excretion and health effects of industrially useful alcohols","volume":"8","author":"Conibear S","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dang. Prop. Ind. Mater. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Sensible Drinking.","author":"Department of Health","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90094-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Development of the Central Nervous System","author":"Druse M","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"82S","article-title":"A European concerted action. Maternal alcohol consumption and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy and child development at 18 months","volume":"21","author":"EUROMAC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"40S","article-title":"A European concerted action. Maternal alcohol consumption and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy and child development at 18 months","volume":"21","author":"Florey C","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6793.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420490207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"2003 R Gentry PBPK modeling of ethanol pharmacokinetics in human males"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)02024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90331-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Road Traffic Offenders Act of Parliament","author":"HMSO","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626344","article-title":"Fundamentals and possibilities of classification of occupational substances as developmental toxicants","volume":"67","author":"Hofmann A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Hobbs W","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Health Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption","author":"ILSI (International Life Sciences Institute)","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurobehavioural development; where is the threshold?","volume":"18","author":"Jacobsen J","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol. Health Res. World"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(91)73184-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13382J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91291-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200202000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.968119912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1951.12.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Liquid diet technique of ethanol administration: 1989 update","volume":"24","author":"Lieber C","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(92)90114-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Retention of passive avoidance and T\u2010maze escape in rats exposed to alcohol prenatally","volume":"2","author":"Lochry E","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure does not affect the expression of selected genes in rat brain development","volume":"28","author":"Maciejewski\u2010Lenoir D","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90197-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Comparison of behavioral teratogenic effects of ethanol and n\u2010propanol administered by inhalation to rats","volume":"7","author":"Nelson B","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(88)90062-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264070820-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264070868-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Guidance for Determining the Quality of Data for the SIDS Dossiers (Reliability, Relevance and Adequacy)","author":"OECD","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00120-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(97)00073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90319-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.9.1421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02362.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420180313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Arbeitsmedizinische und umweltmedizinische Aspekte zu Altlasten \u2014 Bewertung und Bewaltigung","author":"Seeber A","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Zum problem des endogenous alkohols","volume":"18","author":"Sprung R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blutalkohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"1993 University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor MI A Streissguth F Bookstein P Sampson H Barr The enduring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child development: birth through seven years partial least squares International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Critical periods for alcohol teratogenesis in mice, with special reference to the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis. Mechanisms of alcohol damage in utero","volume":"105","author":"Sulik K","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic study of ethanol elimination \u2014 first pass metabolism and elimination rate","volume":"25","author":"Ueno Y","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Health Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption","author":"Vries J","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Nutritional issues in perinatal alcohol exposure","volume":"6","author":"Weinberg J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(90)90020-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)32467-5","article-title":"Interaction of ethanol and nutrition during gestation: influence on maternal and offspring development in the rat","volume":"216","author":"Weiner S","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Manipulating peak blood alcohol concentrations in neonatal rats: review of an animal model for alcohol\u2010related development effects","volume":"10","author":"West J","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Alcohol, Less is Better","author":"WHO","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770070108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Teratology, Principles and Techniques","author":"Wilson J","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Environment and Birth Defects","author":"Wilson J","year":"1973"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjat.937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:11:26Z","timestamp":1760548286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.937","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}}}