{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1773661514571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,19]],"date-time":"2004-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1100822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetylcholine has been detected in human blood. Acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase are present in erythrocyte membranes. We tested the acetylcholine and choline effects on nitric oxide metabolites (NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), namely nitrites and nitrates, and observed if they are dependent on interactions with muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase. Human erythrocyte suspensions were incubated with acetylcholine and choline in the absence or presence of 10 \u00b5M atropine or 10 \u00b5M velnacrine maleate. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations were determined by the Griess method. Acetylcholine or choline increased NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> control concentrations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The nitrite concentrations decreased in the presence of atropine or velnacrine maleate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.03). The nitrate concentrations only decreased when velnacrine maleate was incubated with acetylcholine or choline (10 \u00b5M, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.03). These results demonstrated that acetylcholine and choline modulate nitric oxide metabolites on erythrocytes and this effect is mediated by interactions with erythrocyte membrane muscarinic receptors and membrane enzyme acetylcholinesterase. A hypothesis for the signal transduction mechanism has been discussed for acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic receptor (M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) participation. Copyright \u00a9 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,19]],"date-time":"2004-11-19T08:17:05Z","timestamp":1100852225000},"page":"419-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Acetylcholine and choline effects on erythrocyte nitrite and nitrate levels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Filomena A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(74)90162-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.7.2.8440411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00073-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi952875"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9611103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Les interactions entre l'h\u00e9moglobine et la membrane \u00e9rythrocytaire","volume":"25","author":"Boivin P","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nouv. 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