{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:46:54Z","timestamp":1761058014947,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]],"date-time":"2004-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A gas chromatographic method with \ufb02ame ionization detection (GC\/FID) was developed for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites in blood and urine samples from cocaine users in Northwestern Spain. After a solid\u2010phase extraction with Bond Elut Certify cartridges and a derivatization with bis\u2010trimethylsilyltri\ufb02uoroacetamide\u2013trimethylchlorosilane (1%), calibration curves were constructed over 0.4\u20134 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for urine and 0.1\u20132 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for blood, using proadifen as the reference compound. The average extraction recoveries were 75% for urine and 78% for blood. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.071 and 0.24 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Coef\ufb01cients of variation were &lt;10% and accuracy was within \u00b112%. The average blood concentrations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester in 42 living patients were 0.22, 1.43 and 0.16 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Urine samples were collected from individuals in the criminal justice system (70 cases), from drug abusers admitted to emergency rooms (36 cases) and from patients under detoxi\ufb01cation treatment (36 cases). The second group exhibited the highest average concentrations (e.g. 0.97 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for cocaine, 5.23 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for benzoylecgonine and 0.39 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for ecgonine methyl ester). Sixty\u2010\ufb01ve fatal intoxications due to cocaine alone or in combination with other drugs were studied, and average blood levels were found to be higher in the deaths related to cocaine alone (e.g. 0.40 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for cocaine, 2.38 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for benzoylecgonine and 0.38 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for ecgonine methyl ester). Copyright \u00a9 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]],"date-time":"2004-08-03T12:16:52Z","timestamp":1091535412000},"page":"283-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gas chromatographic determination of cocaine and its metabolites in blood and urine from cocaine users in northwestern Spain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Buj\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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