{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:45:25Z","timestamp":1768830325793,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,24]],"date-time":"2016-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NIBIB Bioengineering Research Partnership","award":["R01 EB013723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EB013723"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008503","name":"Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (CIMIT)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eustachian tube dysfunction can cause fluid to collect within the middle ear cavity and form a middle ear effusion (MEE). MEEs can persist for weeks or months and cause hearing loss as well as speech and learning delays in young children. The ability of a physician to accurately identify and characterize the middle ear for signs of fluid and\/or infection is crucial to provide the most appropriate treatment for the patient. Currently, middle ear infections are assessed with otoscopy, which provides limited and only qualitative diagnostic information. In this study, we propose a method utilizing cross\u2010sectional depth\u2010resolved optical coherence tomography to noninvasively measure the diffusion coefficient and viscosity of colloid suspensions, such as a MEE. Experimental validation of the proposed technique on simulated MEE phantoms with varying viscosity and particulate characteristics is presented, along with some preliminary results from <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> samples of human MEEs.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:p><jats:italic>In vivo <\/jats:italic>Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) image of a human tympanic membrane and Middle Ear Effusion (MEE) (top), with a CCD image of the tympanic membrane surface (inset). Below is the corresponding time\u2010lapse M\u2010mode OCT data acquired along the white dotted line over time, which can be analyzed to determine the Stokes\u2013Einstein diffusion coefficient of the effusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:caption><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio201500313-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>magnified image<\/jats:alt-text><jats:caption><jats:p><jats:italic>In vivo <\/jats:italic>Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) image of a human tympanic membrane and Middle Ear Effusion (MEE) (top), with a CCD image of the tympanic membrane surface (inset). Below is the corresponding time\u2010lapse M\u2010mode OCT data acquired along the white dotted line over time, which can be analyzed to determine the Stokes\u2013Einstein diffusion coefficient of the effusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:caption><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,24]],"date-time":"2016-03-24T06:22:44Z","timestamp":1458800564000},"page":"394-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Non\u2010invasive optical assessment of viscosity of middle ear effusions in otitis media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Guillermo L.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory  MC\u2010278 Urbana IL 61801 USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology 405 N Mathews Ave  Urbana IL 61801 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paritosh","family":"Pande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology 405 N Mathews Ave  Urbana IL 61801 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology 405 N Mathews Ave  Urbana IL 61801 USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  306 N. 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