{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:32:41Z","timestamp":1792269161972,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["r01ai050875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["r01ai050875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a simple, efficient and cost\u2010effective treatment for both acute and chronic pain. We previously showed that PBM applied to the mouse head inhibited nociception in the foot. Nevertheless, the optimum parameters, location for irradiation, duration of the effect and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. In the present study, the pain threshold in the right hind paw of mice was studied, after PBM (810\u2009nm CW laser, spot size 1 or 6 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 1.2\u201336\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) applied to various anatomical locations. The pain threshold, measured with von Frey filaments, was increased more than 3\u2010fold by PBM to the lower back (dorsal root ganglion, DRG), as well as to other neural structures along the pathway such as the head, neck and ipsilateral (right) paw. On the other hand, application of PBM to the contralateral (left) paw, abdomen and tail had no effect. The optimal effect occurred 2 to 3 hours post\u2010PBM and disappeared by 24\u2009hours. Seven daily irradiations showed no development of tolerance. Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors decreased, and prostatic acid phosphatase and tubulin\u2010positive varicosities were increased as shown by immunofluorescence of DRG samples. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of PBM for pain and provide insights for clinical practice.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio201700370-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T02:02:41Z","timestamp":1519696961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Pain management using photobiomodulation: Mechanisms, location, and repeatability quantified by pain threshold and neural biomarkers in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcelo Victor Pires","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Bright Photomedicine Ltd  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics, Institute of Physics University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Kawakubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleber","family":"Ferraresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Post\u2010Graduation Program in Biotechnology Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Post\u2010Graduation in Physical Therapy in Functional Health, Physical Therapy Department Universidade do Sagrado Cora\u00e7\u00e3o  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Post\u2010Graduation Program in Biomedical Engineering Universidade Brasil  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Kaippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Pharmacy School Federal University of Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Platform Vice\u2010Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Mateus","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics, Institute of Physics University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6431-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199235766.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X08666131112143447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-010-0850-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.1.015003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315364827"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315364827-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315364827-55","volume-title":"Handbook of Low\u2010Level Laser Therapy","author":"Sousa M. 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