{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:33:54Z","timestamp":1781321634923,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOIPD\/2017\/837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPD\/2017\/837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal cross\u2010linking (CXL) using ultraviolet\u2010A (UVA) irradiation with a riboflavin photosensitizer has grown from an interesting concept to a practical clinical treatment for corneal ectatic diseases globally, such as keratoconus. To characterize the corneal structural changes, existing methods such as X\u2010ray microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, histology and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been used. However, these methods have various drawbacks such as invasive detection, the impossibility for in vivo measurement, or limited resolution and sensitivity to structural alterations. Here, we report the application of oversampling nanosensitive OCT for probing the corneal structural alterations. The results indicate that the spatial period increases slightly after 30\u2009minutes riboflavin instillation but decreases significantly after 30\u2009minutes UVA irradiation following the Dresden protocol. The proposed noninvasive method can be implemented using existing OCT systems, without any additional components, for detecting nanoscale changes with the potential to assist diagnostic assessment during CXL treatment, and possibly to be a real\u2010time monitoring tool in clinics.<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio201960234-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201960234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T02:12:46Z","timestamp":1581991966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Noninvasive detection of nanoscale structural changes in cornea associated with cross\u2010linking treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Alexandrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandan","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajib","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Leahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-3-47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1027221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"105001","volume":"24","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20180220-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1237-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20110106-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000105827.85025.7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052860"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576716010396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20080901-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39617-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2944.796348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200710009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light","author":"Born M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4737209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"9203","volume":"20","author":"Alexandrov S. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR06132A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"S.Alexandrov H.Subhash M.Leahy Z.Azhar (National University of Ireland Galway) European Patent EP3055643 B1 2014 and U.S. Patent 10 012 492 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1070\/QE2014v044n07ABEH015487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26514-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5110459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"1508","volume":"36","author":"Freund D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0512"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbio.201960234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbio.201960234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbio.201960234","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbio.201960234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T19:48:41Z","timestamp":1693856921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbio.201960234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbio.201960234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbio.201960234","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-063X","1864-0648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-063X","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-0648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e201960234"}}