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Existing ICG\u2010based fluorescence imaging mostly operates in the near\u2010infrared (NIR)\u2010I (700\u20131000\u2009nm) or the NIR\u2010IIa\u2032 windows (1000\u20131300\u2009nm), which is not optimal in terms of spatial resolution and contrast as their light scattering is higher than the NIR\u2010IIb window (1500\u20131700\u2009nm). It is highly desired to achieve ICG\u2010based fluorescence imaging in the NIR\u2010IIb window, but it is hindered by its ultra\u2010low NIR\u2010IIb emission tail of ICG. Herein, we employ a generative adversarial network to generate NIR\u2010IIb ICG images directly from the acquired NIR\u2010I ICG images. This approach was investigated by in vivo imaging of sub\u2010surface vascular, intestine structure, and tumors, and their results demonstrated significant improvement in spatial resolution and contrast for ICG\u2010based fluorescence imaging. It is potential for deep learning to improve ICG\u2010based fluorescence imaging in clinical diagnostics and image\u2010guided surgery in clinics.<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio202300066-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T18:44:52Z","timestamp":1691606692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Indocyanine green\u2010based fluorescence imaging improved by deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5073-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Common Aging Diseases, Translational and Research Centre for Prevention and Therapy of Chronic Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine Xi'an Medical University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular, Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.3065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201507473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806153115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.8.080901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume":"8","author":"Ding F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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