{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:33:21Z","timestamp":1791804801775,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015727","name":"Impacting Research Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer, with a lengthy latent period and a gradual onset phase. Conventional techniques are found to be severely lacking in real time detection of disease progression which can greatly enhance the cure rate. Due to their high sensitivity and specificity, optical techniques are emerging as reliable tools, particularly in case of cancer. It has been seen that biochemical changes are better highlighted through intrinsic fluorescence devoid of interference from absorption and scattering. Its effectiveness in in\u2010vivo conditions is affected by the fact that the intrinsic spectral signatures vary from patient to patient, as well as in different population groups. Here, we overcome this limitation by collectively enumerating the subtle changes in the spectral profiles and correlations through an information theory based entropic approach, which significantly amplifies the minute spectral variations. In conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI)\/machine learning (ML) tools, it yields high specificity and sensitivity with a small dataset from patients in clinical conditions, without artificial augmentation. We have used an in\u2010house developed handheld probe (i\u2010HHP) for extracting intrinsic fluorescence spectra of human cervix from 110 different subjects drawn from diverse population groups. The average classification accuracy of the proposed methodology using 10\u2010fold cross validation is 93.17%. A combination of polarised fluorescence spectra from i\u2010HHP and the proposed classifier is proven to be minimally invasive with the ability to diagnose patients in real time. This paves the way for effective use of relatively smaller sized sensitive fluorescence data with advanced AI\/ML tools for early cervical cancer detection in clinics.<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio202300363-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:55:28Z","timestamp":1701132928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cervical <scp>pre\u2010cancer<\/scp> classification using entropic features and <scp>CNN<\/scp>: In vivo validation with a handheld fluorescence probe"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bhaswati Singha","family":"Deo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Photonics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur  Kanpur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar Nath","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur  Kanpur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Photonics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur  Kanpur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology G.S.V.M Medical College  Kanpur Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology All India Institute of Medical Sciences  Bhubaneswar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6037-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayukha","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Ability Innovation Center, Asea Brown Boveri Company  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanta K.","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur  Nadia India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3351-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asima","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Photonics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur  Kanpur India"},{"name":"Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur  Kanpur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902971106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"1045","volume":"11","author":"Takiar R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. 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