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Photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) can monitor CTCs in real time, non\u2010invasively, and label\u2010free; we built a PAFC system and validated the feasibility of PAFC for monitoring CTCs using in vivo animal experiments. By cultivating heavily\u2010pigmented and moderately\u2010pigmented melanoma cells, more CTCs were detected in mice inoculated with moderately\u2010pigmented tumor cells, resulting in more distant metastases and poorer survival status. Tumor cells with lower melanin content may produce more CTCs, increasing the risk of metastasis. CTC melanin content may be down\u2010regulated during the metastatic which may be a potential indicator for assessing the risk of melanoma metastasis. In conclusion, PAFC can be used to assess the risk of melanoma metastasis by dynamically monitoring the number of CTCs and the CTC melanin content in future clinical diagnoses.<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jbio202300405-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:51:21Z","timestamp":1701132681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry\u2010based study of the effect of melanin content on melanoma metastasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering of Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Med\u2010X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering of Beijing Information Science &amp; Technology University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunbin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Med\u2010X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing) Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute and Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2015.0385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45643-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1201","volume":"45","author":"Yvying Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. 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