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Fifteen post\u2010stroke patients and fifteen healthy individuals were enrolled. Coupling function analysis was performed to evaluate the effective connectivity inflow, outflow, and the dominant information flow (DIF) during standalone BAT and combined rTMS\u2010BAT therapy. Significant task\u2010related alterations were observed in the ipsilesional supplementary motor area and occipital lobe (OL) of stroke patients undergoing rTMS\u2010BAT. During BAT, stroke patients exhibited more pronounced DIF from the OL to motor areas compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in the rTMS\u2010BAT condition, patients demonstrated enhanced DIF from the ipsilesional OL and contralesional prefrontal cortex to ipsilesional motor areas. These findings suggested a potential synergistic effect on cortical reorganization through the sequential combination of task\u2010related training and TMS in chronic stroke patients, offering insights into rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202400508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:57:24Z","timestamp":1741726644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Sequential Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation With Bilateral Arm Training on the Brain Effective Connectivity in Chronic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Engineering China Civil Affairs University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Engineering China Civil Affairs University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Engineering China Civil Affairs University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo Wai\u2010Chi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.35473"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00942.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000019289.15440.F2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Long Term Effects of Intensity of Upper and Lower Limb Training After Stroke: A Randomised Trial","volume":"72","author":"Kwakkel G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90161-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19882788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2016-0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.9400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.290884"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319875952"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21810"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00134-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications E\u2010Book","author":"Haines D. 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