{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:20:01Z","timestamp":1779333601838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013479","name":"Bay Area Lyme Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019191","name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A and M University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lyme disease (LD), caused by <jats:italic>Borreliella burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, is the most common tick\u2010borne illness in the United States, yet early\u2010stage diagnosis remains challenging due to the limitations of current serological diagnostics. Raman spectroscopy (RS), paired with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS\u2010DA), showed promise as an alternative diagnostic tool. Using RS, we analyzed 107 coded human blood samples (42 LD\u2010positive and 65 LD\u2010negative) obtained from the Lyme Disease Biobank. PLS\u2010DA models showed nearly perfect internal validation performance with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.1% and 100.0%, respectively, indicating robust predictive capabilities. External validation of the developed chemometrics model with 80\/20 training\/validation split of all spectra gave true positive rates of 92.7% and 87.3% for serological positive and negative spectra, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of RS as a rapid and noninvasive diagnostic platform for LD, particularly when integrated with machine learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202400520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:20:47Z","timestamp":1740108047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["External Validation of Raman Spectroscopy for Lyme Disease Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Isaac D.","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidan P.","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme Disease Biobank  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6499-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem S.","family":"Rogovskyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kurouski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10100137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.204763"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Lyme Disease in Humans","volume":"42","author":"Radolf J. 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