{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:49:50Z","timestamp":1790200190138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study proposed an intelligent intraoperative diagnostic framework that combines hyperspectral imaging (HSI) with deep reinforcement learning to accurately differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the two main subtypes of primary liver cancer. To address the limitations of conventional imaging techniques and serum biomarkers, the authors constructed the first clinical HSI dataset of liver tumors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009131, spectral range 400\u20131000\u2009nm). The proposed method integrates a 3D residual neural network (3D\u2010ResNet) with a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)\u2010based reinforcement learning algorithm, framing spectral band selection as a Markov decision process. An intraclass constrained cross\u2010entropy loss further enhances class separability and compactness. Experimental results demonstrate a classification accuracy of 95%, outperforming traditional band selection approaches. This framework enables rapid, real\u2010time tumor subtyping during surgery, addressing the critical clinical need for timely and accurate liver cancer diagnosis, and offers a promising tool for advancing precision oncology and improving intraoperative decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202500227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:10:16Z","timestamp":1752477016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hyperspectral Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and\u00a0Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yunze","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qize","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8612-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8444-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0229-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26772"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02348-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Progress and Prospects of Biomarkers in Primary Liver Cancer (Review)","volume":"57","author":"Gao Y. X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"AI\u2010Based Diagnostic Tool for Liver Disease Using Machine Learning Algorithms[C]\/\/2022 IEEE 14th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM)","author":"Gamara R. P. C.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30010042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.912026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"881","volume-title":"An Automatic Liver Fibrosis Qualitative Analysis Method Based on Hyperspectral Images[C]\/\/Tenth International Conference on Digital Image Processing (ICDIP 2018)","author":"Wang J. S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"770","volume-title":"Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition[C]\/\/Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"He K.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"2473","article-title":"Generalized max pooling","author":"Murray N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze\u2010and\u2010Excitation Networks","author":"Hu J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"6688","author":"Zhu X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"An empirical study of spatial attention mechanisms in deep networks[C]\/\/Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/11\/R37"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Microvessel Density and Angiogenesis in Primary Hepatic Malignancies: Differential Expression of CD31 and VEGFR\u20102 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"214","author":"B\u00f6sm\u00fcller H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(01)00119-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2453362"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"5910","article-title":"Optimal Clustering Framework for Hyperspectral Band Selection","volume":"56","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10018-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbio.202500227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T23:23:01Z","timestamp":1759965781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbio.202500227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbio.202500227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbio.202500227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-063X","1864-0648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-063X","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-0648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202500227"}}