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PBM enhanced cognitive performance and regional cerebral blood flow, particularly in hippocampal and cortical regions. Histological analysis revealed attenuated neuronal loss and smaller perivascular spaces, although residual necrotic foci persisted. PBM reduced BCL2 expression and modulated HIF\u20101 in a context\u2010dependent manner, suggesting neuroprotection via BCL2\u2010independent and hypoxia\u2010responsive pathways. 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