{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:53:53Z","timestamp":1782899633657,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Photobiomodulation (PBM) a promising non\u2010invasive therapeutic technique has been proposed to have regenerative ability. There is limited understanding of PBMs effectiveness in 3D cell culture systems. To evaluate the effect of PBM at 825\u2009nm on adipose\u2010derived stem cells (ADSCs) cultured in 2D and 3D spheroid models. ADSCs were exposed to PBM at fluences of 5, 10, and 15\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    to assess cellular responses. Cell morphology, spheroid diameter, cell concentration, viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity were monitored 24\u2010 and 72\u2010h post\u2010irradiation (hpi). In 2D cell culture, PBM at 5\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    showed a significant increase in cell viability and proliferation. Cellular cytotoxicity was higher in 2D. Spheroids maintained steady size, increased viability, and proliferation peaking at 24\u2009hpi but remaining stable over time at 10\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . 2D cell cultures show\u00a0an over expression of PBM\u2010induced effects, while spheroids provide a more physiological and balanced response profile particularly at 10\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202500414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T03:05:47Z","timestamp":1764817547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three\u2010Dimensional Influence of Photobiomodulation on Adipose\u2010Derived Stem Cell 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