{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:15:32Z","timestamp":1791951332415,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article presents a theoretical investigation of a highly sensitive one\u2010dimensional photonic crystal (1D\u2010PC) biosensor for early malaria detection using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). The proposed structure, Air\/(PbS\/SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/defect\/(PbS\/SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/substrate, is optimized by adjusting the defect layer thickness and incidence angle to enhance defect\u2010mode resonance characteristics. The design enables strong resonant peaks and significant wavelength shifts at 1550\u2009nm. The sensor operates over a refractive index range of 1.371\u20131.402 RIU, corresponding to different malaria infection stages. A maximum sensitivity of 977.74\u2009nm\/RIU and a quality factor of 93.8\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    are achieved at a defect thickness of 1.2d\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Increasing the thickness to 1.4d\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    improves sensitivity to 1163.22\u2009nm\/RIU with a quality factor of 82.57\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The design also exhibits a low detection limit of ~10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    RIU and a high figure of merit, indicating strong potential for rapid, accurate, and cost\u2010effective malaria diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:25:16Z","timestamp":1780622716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Highly Sensitive\n                    <scp>1D<\/scp>\n                    Photonic Crystal Biosensor for Early Malaria Detection via Refractive Index"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kasrolourdhina","family":"Kaspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PSNA College of Engineering and Technology  Dindigul Tamilnadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0388-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathiresan","family":"Karuppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSNA College of Engineering and Technology  Dindigul Tamilnadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poovendran","family":"Karuppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRM Madurai College for Engineering and Technology  Pottapalayam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nambi Ramachary","family":"Ramanujam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLN College of Engineering  Pottapalyam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10111199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.58.2486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.58.2059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2004.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.003015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.74.092505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1402\u20104896\/ab4c68"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04166E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633\u2010020\u201000788\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201032422\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11071099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2006.03.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.73.1368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light\u2014Second Edition","author":"Joannopoulos J. 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