{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:59:03Z","timestamp":1785333543556,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009328","name":"Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["704\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["704\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluorescence imaging (FI) is widely used in in\u00a0vivo and cellular studies. However, accurate depth determination of fluorescent targets in\u00a0vivo remains challenging due to strong photon scattering and absorption in biological tissues. In this study, we developed and validated a machine learning (ML)\u2010based framework, supported by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, for accurate depth estimation of near\u2010infrared (NIR) fluorescent targets in turbid media. An optimized MC model was constructed to simulate NIR fluorescence photon propagation, generating datasets of fluorescence images corresponding to target depths between 0.1 and 1\u2009cm. Experimental validation was conducted over a depth range of 0.1\u20130.7\u2009cm using tissue\u2010mimicking phantoms designed to replicate the optical properties of human skin, as well as on an in\u00a0vivo model incorporating fluorescent gold nanostructures imaged with computed tomography (CT) and wide\u2010field FI. The results were quantitatively validated using two performance metrics: rounded accuracy and root mean squared error (RMSE).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.70325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T10:50:35Z","timestamp":1785063035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Network\u2013Based Depth Retrieval of Fluorescent Targets From Wide\u2010Field Fluorescence Intensity Images in Scattering Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Meital","family":"Harel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Ariel University  Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelima","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Ariel University  Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menachem","family":"Motiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar\u2010Ilan University  Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Azaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Ariel University  Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat","family":"Ankri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Ariel University  Ariel Israel"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics Jerusalem College of Technology  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010011\u20104896\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274\u2010018\u20102231\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.254763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708425104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.010135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028904\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.280220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.001934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2019.8759234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.12.1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.27.2.020901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.397605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470177013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.29.1.010901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671\u2010024\u201003958\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718917115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177703732"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231216681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.002909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.29.2.026004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c01398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00722C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.750404.m.2021.750404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.7.071203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.391992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.10.100501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201010036\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3071556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2577736"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010019\u20100622\u20105"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biophotonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbio.70325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbio.70325","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbio.70325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1785330071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbio.70325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbio.70325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbio.70325","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-063X","1864-0648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-063X","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-0648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70325"}}