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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) and living epidermis (ED) in three different locations: the big toe (T1), first metatarsal head (M1), and second metatarsal head (M2), and deep learning was used to compare the difference in thickness between SC and ED. The results indicate that SC thickness increases in M1 is statistically significant after 20\u2009min walking interventions using 80\u2009mmHg insole hardness, and SC thickness decreases in T1 and M1 are statistically significant after 20\u2009min walking using 160\u2009mmHg insole hardness. Changes in SC and ED thickness observed in this study highlight their potential relevance in evaluating plantar tissue health in the context of DFU prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.70330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:48:37Z","timestamp":1785836917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Plantar Skin Epidermal Layer in Response to Various Insole Hardness via Deep Learning Enabled Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardha Ardea","family":"Prisilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fashion Design Sekolah Tinggi Desain LaSalle Jakarta  Jakarta Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Digital Media Design Asia University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih\u2010Kuen","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben\u2010Yi","family":"Liau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control Engineering Feng Chia University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9659-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien\u2010Cheng","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilang Titah","family":"Ramadhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Informatics Tiga Serangkai University  Surakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena Christabel","family":"Pravin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1915-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiruthika","family":"Venkataramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winson Chiu\u2010Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congo Tak Shing","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010Wen","family":"Lung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Creative Product Design Asia University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"D. 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