{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1762504638042},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,15]],"date-time":"2002-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1021420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biomed. Mater. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interaction between oxidation and crosslinking in gamma\u2010irradiated ultrahigh molecular\u2010weight polyethylene with and without artificial aging was studied. The effect of the atmosphere during irradiation (air vs. low oxygen) occurred primarily within about 0.5 mm of the surface, that is, the depth to which oxygen had diffused when the polyethylene specimen was machined and when it was irradiated. Irradiation in the presence of oxygen induced oxidation instead of crosslinking, so that the level of crosslinking achieved was lower than that which normally would occur at the same dose in the absence of oxygen. Subsequent artificial aging reduced the gel content (crosslinking) and had a maximal effect on the surface and subsurface regions for the gamma\u2013air and gamma\u2013low oxygen polyethylenes, respectively. Thus the storage environments and durations prior to irradiation and prior to artificial aging must be taken into account when attempting to duplicate the oxidation\u2013crosslinking profiles that occur with actual implants in clinical use. In addition, the oxidation mechanisms initiated by the artificial aging method used in this study (i.e., heating in air to 80\u00b0C) initiated somewhat different oxidative reactions from those that occur during prolonged shelf life at room temperature or <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. In particular, the formation of a peak of oxidation below the free surface of the polyethylene is due to the combined effects of the distribution of residual free radicals and the diffusion gradient of the oxygen. The interactive relationship between oxidation and crosslinking characterized in the present study provides a fundamental basis for understanding the wear behavior of gamma\u2010sterilized components in past clinical use. It also provides guidelines for the development of polyethylenes with improved resistance to oxidation and wear, with particular relevance to estimation of the amount of crosslinking need\u2010 ed to potentially eliminate the clinical problem of osteolysis. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 430\u2013439, 2002<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:29:46Z","timestamp":1030318186000},"page":"430-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Interaction of oxidation and crosslinking in gamma\u2010irradiated ultrahigh molecular\u2010weight polyethylene"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Fu\u2010Wen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry A.","family":"McKellop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820150209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820180915"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088532828800300102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Impact of gamma sterilization on clinical performance of polyethylene in the hip","volume":"319","author":"Sutula LC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199407000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"484","article-title":"Differences in oxidation between shelf life aged and retrieved UHMWPE components","volume":"21","author":"Furman BD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010305)54:3<428::AID-JBM170>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062040-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(74)90149-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(05)80217-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200012000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B3.681412","article-title":"The radiation improvement of polyethylene prostheses","volume":"60","author":"Grobbelaar CJ","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(82)90048-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"Improvement of polyethylene by irradiation in artificial joints","volume":"39","author":"Oonishi H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B2.0780280","article-title":"Prospective clinical and joint simulator studies of a new total hip arthroplasty using alumina ceramic heads and cross\u2010linked polyethylene cups","volume":"78","author":"Wroblewski BM","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0488(19960430)34:6<1063::AID-POLB4>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00039-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(98)00005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"The hip simulator wear of gamma\u2013vacuum, gamma\u2013air, and ethylene oxide sterilized UHMWPE following a severe oxidative challenge","volume":"23","author":"Greer KW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"969","article-title":"Development of an accelerated aging method for evaluation of long\u2010term irradiation effects on UHMWPE implants","volume":"35","author":"Sun DC","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polymer Preprints"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","unstructured":"Arcom Processed Polyethylene. 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