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We investigated whether acellular nerve allografts would provide an appropriate channel for the promotion and induction of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Axons sprouted from the proximal portion and reached the distal portion in the 1 cm\u2010long grafts by 1 month. The number of axons in the regenerated nerves was similar to that of normal nerves at 1 month. Loading the grafts with \u03b2NGF and VEGF increased the number and mean diameter of axons and neovascularization in the regenerated nerves at 1 month. The motor conduction velocity increased over time and reached 63 \u00b1 10% of that of normal nerves at 6 months. The nerve injuries treated with the acellular grafts had a significant improvement in motor, nociception, and proprioception function compared to untreated nerves. The results from this study suggest that acellular nerve allografts may be a useful biomaterial for functional peripheral nerve regeneration. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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