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When both the material composition and the surface topography are varied, the surface topography seems to be the predominant factor for the induced tissue response. The present study addresses differences in the tissue response to commercially available Millipore mesh filters of polypropylene with pore sizes of 0.6, 10.0 or 30.0 \u03bcm. The Millipore filters with adjacent tissue were directly sectioned in a cryostat and evaluated via an immunofluorescence technique with double and triple staining, allowing simultaneous analysis of different antigens in tissue sections. These results show that macrophages, total cells, necrotic cells, nitric oxygen distribution, early angiogenesis, and capsule thickness were influenced by the surface structure. Implants with pore sizes of 0.6 \u03bcm, where entrance of inflammatory cells was inhibited, induce the most pronounced foreign body capsule formation. The 10\u2010 and 30\u2010\u03bcm filters, in contrast, had large amounts of macrophages inside the filter structure, although very few inflammatory cells were found outside the filters. The inflammatory cells within the filters appeared not to influence the foreign body capsule induction. The critical factor for the formation of a foreign body capsule seems to be the localization of implant\u2010close macrophages. Whether this is due to differences in cell activation or in signal transduction to collagen\u2010synthesizing fibroblasts remains an open question. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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