{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:50:31Z","timestamp":1785523831709,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,22]],"date-time":"2003-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1061510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In cementless fixation systems, surface character is an important factor. Alkali and heat treatments of titanium metal have been shown to produce strong bonding to bone and a higher ongrowth rate. In this study we examined the effect of alkali and heat treatments on titanium rods in an intramedullary rabbit femur model, in regard to the cementless hip stem. The implant rods were 5 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length. Half of the implants were immersed in 5 mol\/L sodium hydroxide solution and heated at 600\u00b0C for 1 h (AH implants), and the other half were untreated (CL implants). The rods were implanted into the distal femur of the rabbits; AH implants into the left femur and CL implants into the right. The bone\u2010implant interfaces were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 weeks after implantation. Pull\u2010out tests showed that the AH implants had a significantly higher bonding strength to bone than the CL implants at each time point. As postoperative time elapsed, histological examination revealed that new bone formed on the surface of both types of implants, but significantly more bone made direct contact with the surface of the AH implants. At 12 weeks, approximately 56% of the whole surface of the AH implants was covered with the bone. In conclusion, alkali\u2010 and heat\u2010treated titanium offers strong bone bonding and a high affinity to bone as opposed to a conventional mechanical interlocking mechanism. Alkali and heat treatments of titanium may be suitable surface treatments for cementless joint replacement implants. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 26\u201335, 2003<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,25]],"date-time":"2003-09-25T10:40:36Z","timestamp":1064486436000},"page":"26-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Biology of alkali\u2010 and heat\u2010treated titanium implants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67A","author":[{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Nishiguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Fujibayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Kokubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274060-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"The problem is osteolysis","volume":"311","author":"Harris WH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199702000-00003","article-title":"Long\u2010term results of use of the anatomic medullary locking prosthesis in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"79","author":"Engh CA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.69B1.3818732","article-title":"A study of factors governing bone ingrowth, stress shielding, and clinical results","volume":"69","author":"Engh CA","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(94)90078-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820100210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198105000-00037","article-title":"Radiographic and morphologic studies of load\u2010bearing porous\u2010surfaced structured implants","volume":"156","author":"Pilliar RM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198810000-00017","article-title":"Macroscopic and microscopic evidence of prosthetic fixation with porous\u2010coated materials","volume":"235","author":"Collier JP","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199607000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679308994584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"90","article-title":"Histologic analysis of retrieved human porous\u2010coated total joint components","volume":"234","author":"Cook SD","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(89)80005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820260109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820260803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(05)80083-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199207000-00041","article-title":"Porous\u2010coated uncemented components in experimental total hip arthroplasty in dogs. 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